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Immunology and Haematology > Enzyme Cascade Systems > Flashcards

Enzyme Cascade Systems Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 main cascade systems?

A

blood clotting, kinin system, fibrinolytic system and complement system

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2
Q

what responses does the complement system enhance?

A

phagocytosis, cytolysis and inflammation

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3
Q

what is the alternate pathway?

A

non specific response, most recently discovered

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4
Q

what is the classical pathway?

A

specific response so requires antibodies

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5
Q

what is the lectin pathway?

A

similar to classical, mannose-binding lectin recognises carbohydrate tags on pathogens to activate complement

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6
Q

what do complements exist as before being activated?

A

proenxymes in the blood

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7
Q

how does the alternative pathway begin?

A

C3 becomes activated to become C3a and C3b

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8
Q

what is C3 activated by?

A

a molecule from the bacteria

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9
Q

what does C3b do?

A

sticks to the bacteria cell surface and activates C5

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10
Q

what does activated C5 do?

A

splits into C5a and C5b

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11
Q

how does the membrane attack complex form?

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9 bind together and the C9 molecules then form pores in the membrane

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12
Q

how does the MAC cause phagocytosis?

A

C3b enhances phagocytosis by opsonisation by attaching to the receptors on the phagocyte

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13
Q

how is inflammation caused by the MAC?

A

C3a stimulates mast cells to release histamine, C5a activates phagocytes and attracts them to the infection

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14
Q

how are neutrophils activated in acute inflammation?

A

by endothelium cells lining the blood vessels

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15
Q

what is different about activated neutrophils?

A

have increased receptors for chemo attractants

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16
Q

what increases when neutrophils are activated?

A

metabolic activity which causes a release of oxygen and nitrogen intermediates which kills pathogens

17
Q

what limits the damage caused by inflammation?

A

regulation of duration and intensity and fibroblasts stimulated to produce ECM for tissue repair

18
Q

how does the acute inflammatory response begin?

A

bacteria enters and causes damage, causing mast cells to release histamine

19
Q

what is oedema?

A

excess of watery fluid collecting in the tissues

20
Q

what happens due to increased permeability of blood vessel?

A

plasma proteins enter the arteriole which activates complement

21
Q

what causes the killing of bacteria in acute inflammation?

A

chemotaxis of neutrophils causing phagocytosis and lysis via the MAC

22
Q

what is extravisation?

A

in order for neutrophils to enter infected tissues, they need to pass through endothelial cells using CAM’s

23
Q

what are interferons?

A

proteins produced by certain types of cells that have been infected by viruses

24
Q

what do interferons do?

A

inhibit viral replication

25
Q

what are type 1 interferons?

A

alpha and beta interferons which suppress tumours and metastasis, part of natural immunity

26
Q

what are type 2 interferons?

A

gamma interferons, secreted by NK and Tc cells, part of aquired immunity

27
Q

what do type 2 interferons do?

A

activates neutrophils and macrophages

28
Q

what is the actions of interferons?

A

released by infected cells, diffuse into neighbouring cells and bind to surface receptors

29
Q

what do interferons stimulate?

A

the synthesis of anti-viral proteins that inhibit viral replication

30
Q

what are NK cells?

A

population of lymphocytes similar to Tc cells

31
Q

where are NK cells found?

A

lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and the blood

32
Q

how do NK cells kill cells?

A

by cytolysis and induce apoptosis, secrete perforinsm respond to and produce interferons

33
Q

what are defensins?

A

present in immune and epithelial cells, form pores in target cells

34
Q

where are pattern recognition receptors found?

A

innate immune cells and epithelial cells

35
Q

what do pattern recognition receptors recognise?

A

damage associated molecular patterns and pathogen associated molecular patterns

36
Q

what does binding to pattern receptors cause?

A

release of inflammatory cytokines

37
Q

what is the acute phase response?

A

systemic response that causes a rapid rise in acute phase proteins after an infection

38
Q

what is the role of the acute phase response?

A

proteins such as C-reactive protein binds to bacterial phospholipids, activates complement and promotes phagocytosis

39
Q

what is the acute phase response activated by?

A

cytokines from macrophages

Immunology and Haematology (10 decks)

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