Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is innate immunity?

A

non-specific

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2
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

specific

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3
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

thymus, bone marrow

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4
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

where the lymph nodes are activated e.g. lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, payers patches

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5
Q

what are the tertiary lymphoid organs?

A

abnormal lymph node-like structures in peripheral tissues at sites of chronic inflammation

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6
Q

what do T cells start of as?

A

thymocytes

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7
Q

what happens when thymocytes proliferate?

A

96-99% die in the cortex and the rest move to the medulla

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8
Q

what gives receptor diversity in the thymus?

A

gene rearrangements

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9
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

a network of phagocytotic and dendritic cells

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10
Q

what is the function of the spleen?

A

filters antigens from the blood

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11
Q

what could happen as a result of having no spleen?

A

sepsis

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12
Q

what are the functions of the skin that help protect from infection?

A

stratum corneum, glandular secretions, sebaceous layer, commensal bacteria

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13
Q

what is the stratum corneum?

A

outer layer of flat cells filled with keratin, acting as a physical barrier to invasion, abrasion and dehydration

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14
Q

how do glandular secretions work?

A

sweat glands produce lysozyme which degrades peptidoglycans

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15
Q

how does sebaceous surfaces work?

A

glands produce sebum containing unsaturated fatty acids

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16
Q

how do commensal bacteria work?

A

suppress virulent bacteria

17
Q

in what areas do mucous membranes work?

A

tracts, mucus, cilia

18
Q

how do tracts prevent against infection?

A

lined with mucous membranes to protect against microbes

19
Q

how does mucous prevent against infection?

A

has mucins which are long branched carbohydrates which are highly viscous and trap foreign bodies

20
Q

how do cilia protect against infection?

A

in upper respiratory tract and use synchronised sweeping to move microbes

21
Q

what do lactoferrin do?

A

binds to iron so bacteria cannot use it for growth

22
Q

what are commensals?

A

non-pathogenic bacteria

23
Q

how do commensals fight pathogens?

A

prevent attachment, compete for nutrients, release antibacterial substances such as colicins

24
Q

what are the types of phagocytotic cell?

A

granulocytes and macrophages

25
Q

what are neutrophils?

A

polymorphonuclear cell, most common, first to the site of injury, short lived

26
Q

what does polymorphonuclear mean?

A

having a nucleus with several lobes

27
Q

what are monocytes?

A

they travel around the bidy and develop into macrophages

28
Q

what are the two types of macrophages?

A

wandering and fixed

29
Q

what are wandering macrophages?

A

travel as monocytes, carry out chemotaxis during inflammation

30
Q

what are fixed macrophages?

A

in lymph nodes, spleen and most organs and are long lived

31
Q

what are the oxygen independent killing mechanisms?

A

lysozymes, catonic proteins, defensins, tumour necrosis factor

32
Q

how do lysozymes kill bacteria?

A

degrade cell wall

33
Q

what do catonic proteins do?

A

cause the pH to fall

34
Q

what do defensins do?

A

form pores in the bacterial membrane

35
Q

what does TNF do?

A

increases inflammation and phagocytosis