Rectum/Anus/Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

Which is true?
A The rectum is bound dorsally by the levator ani muscles.
B The rectum does not contain a serosal layer.
C In cats, the intrapelvic rectum is supplied by the middle and caudal rectal arteries.
D In dogs, the intrapelvic rectum is supplied by the middle and caudal rectal arteries.

A

A (right and left ventral sacrocaudal muscles).
B (retroperitoneal portion only)
C true
D (cranial rectal)

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2
Q

Which is true?
A The internal and external anal sphincters are striated muscle.
B The mucosa of the anal canal is divided from cranial to caudal as cutaneous, columnar, and intermediate zones.
C The columnar zone contains the anal sinuses.
D The duct from the anal sac opens into the internal portion of the internal cutaneous zone.

A

A (internal is smooth)
B (columnar, intermediate, and cutaneous)
C (intermediate zone - anal sinuses)
D TRUE

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3
Q

Which of the following statements is true?
A The anal sacs usually open within the intermediate zone
B The pernieal body is where the fascia unites on midline ventral to the anus
C Circumanal glands are large, coilled apocrine, sudoriparous tubules
D As an involuntary muscle, the external anal sphincter permits maximum distension

A
A (inner cutaneous zone)
B TRUE
C (paranal sinus glands = foul-smelling paste
circuma anal = sebaceous/nonsebaceous)
D (voluntary)
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4
Q

Which of the following statements is true?
A The rectococcygeal muscles blend to form a muscle that inserts on the 5th to 6th caudal vertebrae
B The pelvic and hypogastric nerves supply voluntary and motor innervation to the anal sphincter
C Cells of Baine are electrical pacemaker cells enable slow waves to be rapidly conducted between longitudinal and circular muscle
D Enema should always be given the day of surgery

A

A true
B pelvic = parasympathetic
hypogastric = sympathetic
pudendal –> caudal rectal br = voluntary motor
–>perineal Br = sensory
C (Cajal)
D could give low residue, high calorie diet 2-7 days prior to sx

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5
Q

True or false: Fecal material contains 75% anaerobes, and second generation cephalosporins are more effective against some pathogens compared to first gen cephalosporins.

A

False: 90% anaerobes

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6
Q

What makes up the pelvic diaphragm?

A

pelvic fascia, paired coccygeus and levator ani m.

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7
Q

Which of the following statements is false in regards to the secretion function of the colon?
A Mucus is a key molecule that protects epithelial cells from abrasion and bacterial invasion.
B Na+ 2Cl K ion channel has its enhanced activity triggered by increased intracellular Cl− concentration as a result of absorption of Cl− ions at the apical border.
C Intracellular potassium levels are maintained by the presence of two potassium channels that are triggered by increases in intracellular Ca2+ or cyclic adenosine monophosphate
D Absorption and secretion by colonocytes are regulated by a complex interaction of endocrine autocrine, paracrine, and neuronal stimuli.

A

B Na+ 2Cl K ion channel has its enhanced activity triggered by LOWERED intracellular Cl− concentration as a result of SECRETION of Cl− ions at the apical border.

cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator Cl- efflux enhanced by increased intracellular Cl-

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8
Q
  1. Distal colonic transit is slow to ensure that fecal contents are mixed, this is achieved by a combination of ___ +____movement and, in the proximal colon of cats, by _____.
A

segmentation and propulsive

retrograde peristalsis

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9
Q

Colonic wall intrinsic plexuses, are located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers ____ or in the colonic submucosa ____. Parasympathetic innervation via preganglionic ____+_____ fibers stimulates colonic motility, sympathetic stimulation via the _____+____ inhibits it.

A

(myenteric or Auerbach)
(submucous or Meissner plexus)
vagal and pelvic
mesenteric plexus and hypogastric plexus

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10
Q

How are shorty chain fat acids absorbed? Where?

A

Butyrate, acetate and propionate in colon, absorbed by paracellular paths and non-ionic diffusion

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11
Q

What proteins help play a role in water absorption on the basolateral membrane of colonocytes?

A

Aquaporin -3 and -4

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12
Q

What is the Major blood supply of the cecum?

A

Common colic a—> ileocolic artery

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13
Q

What are the circumanal glands and their roll?

A

Superficial sebaceous portion and deep nonsebaceous part

Regress in adult female dogs

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14
Q

What are anal glands and what do they produce?

A

Tubuloalveolar glands that produce fatty secretions

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15
Q

What glands are found in the wall of the anal sac and produce foul smelling paste?

A

Paranal sinus glands = large coiled apocrine sudoparous tubules

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16
Q

What are the four zones of the anus?

A

Columnar
Intermediate
Anocutaneous line
Cutaneous