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Clinical Skills > Rectal exam > Flashcards

Rectal exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are rectal examined used for?

A

Examine repro tract

Only GI use is rumen/colic horses

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2
Q

What do you need for a rectal exam?

A 
Lubrication
Rectal sleeve
Bandage
Stocks
Sedation
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3
Q

Why is it important to be gentle during a rectal exam?

A

Rectal tears

Induce abortion

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4
Q

Which animals are more prone to rectal tears?

A

Horses

Young

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5
Q

Which animals do you need to remove faeces for?

A

Mare

And if large amounts

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6
Q

What should you do during a contraction?

A

Cow - keep hand still and wait for contraction to pass

Mare - retract with contraction

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7
Q

What shape are ovaries in cows and horses?

A

Horse - kidney due to ovulatory

Cow - oval shape

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8
Q

What is palpable on mare ovaries?

A

Follicles

No palpable projections from corpus luteum

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9
Q

What ovary size do mares have during anoestrus and oestrus?

A

2-3cm x 3-4cm = anoestrus

5-6 x6-10cms = oestrus

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10
Q

How do you prepare for a rectal exam?

A

Don rectal sleeve - no jewellery!
Lots of lubrication all over
Move tail to one size and bandage (especially in horse)

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11
Q

What shape should your hand be when entering the external anal sphincter?

A

Put hand in cone shape

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12
Q

Are rectal tears more common in horses or mares?

A

Horses

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13
Q

What way do the uterine horns curve in horses and cows?

A

Cow - ventral (down)

Mare - dorsal (up)

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14
Q

How far do you insert your arm during a rectal exam?

A

Up to shoulder then withdraw halfway

Allows relaxation and prevents straining

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15
Q

How is PD usually done in mare?

A

Scan

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16
Q

Why is rectal exam done in mare?

A

To work out if in oestrus or anoestrus

17
Q

What should you palpate in the mare rectal exam?

A

Find cervix - on floor of pelvis, soft tone
Follow to bifurcation and continue up one horn
Do with other horn
Palpate ovares

18
Q

In a mare, what indicates early pregnancy?

A

Increased uterine tone

Slight enlargement of one horn

19
Q

Once inside the cow, describe the rectal exam

A

Pelvic sweep to locate the cervix - midline and meaty feel
Locate uterus and bifurcation
Uterus hangs into abdomen - use dorsal intercornual ligament to locate ventral
Hook fingers under ventral intercornual ligament and pull uterus into pelvis
Examine each uterine horn
Examine the ovaries

20
Q

What do follicles and CL feel like in a cow?

A

Follicles - fluid filled

Corpus luteum - feel harder

21
Q

What is the tone of a non-pregnant uterus and uterine horns in a cow?

A

Fairly firm tone
Thick walled
No bounce
Equal

22
Q

What is membrane slip?

A

Allantochorion slipping within uterus
Feel with thumb and forefinger
Helps confirm pregnancy

23
Q

How can you diagnose a 6 week pregnancy via rectal exam?

A

Pregnant horn bouncy

Thin walled - 2”

24
Q

How can you diagnose a 7 week pregnancy via rectal exam?

A

Pregnant horn bouncy

Thin walled - 3”

25
Q

How can you diagnose an 8 week pregnancy via rectal exam?

A

Both horns bouncy

Both thin walled - 3”

26
Q

How can you diagnose a 9 week pregnancy via rectal exam?

A

Both horns bouncy

Pregnant horn size of half a small football (can lightly ballot calf)

27
Q

How can you diagnose a 10 week pregnancy via rectal exam?

A

Both horns bouncy

Pregnant horn size of a small football

28
Q

How can you diagnose an 11 week pregnancy via rectal exam?

A

Both horns bouncy
Pregnant horn size of a large football
Can feel small cotyledons

29
Q

How can you diagnose a 3 month pregnancy via rectal exam?

A

Cotyledons 20mm

Tiny, pulsing uterine artery

30
Q

How can you diagnose a 4 month pregnancy via rectal exam?

A

Cotyledons 25mm
Uterine artery 2-3mm
Thrill/fremitus

31
Q

How can you diagnose a 5 month pregnancy via rectal exam?

A

Cotyledons 30 mm
Uterine artery 7-9mm
Thrill/fremitus

32
Q

What is a fremitus?

A

Vibration/thrill of uterine artery

33
Q

What do cystic ovaries feel like?

A

Abnormally large cysts on ovary

34
Q

What should you feel for when rectal exam for PD?

A 
Uterine tone
Horn bounce
Tone
Fluid content
Ballot calf 
Cotyledons (cow only)
Fremitus and size of uterine artery
Presence of follicles/corpus luteum
35
Q

What are cotyledons? Which species are they in?

A

Foetal side of placenta

Cow only

36
Q

At what week can you feel small cotyledons?

A

11

37
Q

What can be felt in the left dorsal quadrant of an equine rectal exam?

A

Jejunum and small colon (differentiate by taenial bands)

38
Q

What can be felt in the left ventral quadrant of an equine rectal exam?

A

Pelvic flexure

39
Q

What can be felt in the right quadrants of an equine rectal exam?

A

Dorsal - base of caecum

Ventral - body of caecum

Clinical Skills (12 decks)

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