recognizing and effect of pain

Question 1

definition of pain?

Answer 1

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Question 2

pain is the ____ vital sign

Answer 2

4th

Question 3

what is an abnormal posture behavioural characteristic associated with pain

Answer 3

hunched up “praying position”

Question 4

what is an abnormal gait behavioural characteristic associated with pain

Answer 4

stiff, partial weight bearing on injured limb

Question 5

what is an abnormal movement behavioural characteristic associated with pain

Answer 5

thrashing, restless, no movement when not sleeping

Question 6

what is an vocalization behavioural characteristic associated with pain

Answer 6

screaming, whining, crying

Question 7

list 7 examples of physiologic characteristics associated with pain

Answer 7

1. tachypnea/panting
2. tachycardia
3. mydriasis
4. hypertension
5. increased temp
6. pale mm
7. increased serum cortisol and epinephrine

Question 8

which systems are affected if not treated properly

Answer 8

gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic

Question 9

what is hypoxia

Answer 9

not enough oxygen going everywhere/ organs

Question 10

what gets released when an animal experiences pain

Answer 10

catecholamine (a hormone)

Question 11

which sympathetic events happen when the release of catecholamine

Answer 11

tachycardia, hypertension

Question 12

what is a common example of cardiac arrhythmia

Answer 12

VPC (Ventricular Premature Contraction) view on a ECG

Question 13

for metabolic effects in regards to pain what happens?

for increasing

Answer 13

causes it to increase its production of catabolic hormones (hormones that breaks things down and gives out energy)

Question 14

what is a antidiuretic hormone

Answer 14

causes water retention in the body

Question 15

what is a glucagon

Answer 15

a hormone that raises bloodsugar level

Question 16

what is cortisol

Answer 16

a ‘stress hormone’ which is responsible for blood pressure and sugar

Question 17

what happens when there is too much cortisol

Answer 17

may have sleep destruction, hyperglycemia, hypertension, tachycardia

Question 18

for metabolic effects in regards to pain what happens?

for decreases

Answer 18

the pain can cause the body to decrease production of anabolic hormones (hormones that build and consume energy)

Question 19

what is insulin?

Answer 19

a hormone that helps regulate/decrease blood sugar level

Question 20

what 3 hormonal effects when you have an increased catabolic and decreased anabolic hormones

Answer 20

causes a negative systemic complications such as

• delayed healing
• growth and development disturbances
• gastric ulcers

Question 21

what can happen in regards to respiratory effects with pain

Answer 21

• increased respiratory rate
• decreased in oxygenation
• dyspnea
• effort

Question 22

what is nociception

Answer 22

the neural process of encoding and processing of the noxious stimuli (it is the detection of actual or potential tissue damage)

Question 23

what 3 things can noxious stimuli be?

Answer 23

chemical, thermal, mechanical

Question 24

what is nociception initiated by?

Answer 24

nociceptors - neural receptors that receive the signal from the stimuli

Question 25

what are the 4 stages of nociception

Answer 25

1. transduction
2. transmission
3. modulation
4. perception

Question 26

what is transduction

Answer 26

• the first stage

- the noxious stimulus switch from physical energy to electrical activity

Question 27

what are the two major types of nerve fibres on nociceptors

Answer 27

a-delta

c-fibre

Question 28

what is a-delta

Answer 28

a nerve fibre that is fast conduction myelinated neuron, responsible from localize and sharp stimulus

Question 29

what is c-fibre

Answer 29

a nerve fibre that slow conducting unmyelinated neuron, responsible for poorly localized, dull stimulus

Question 30

what is transmission

Answer 30

the propagation of nerve impulse - the electrical signals now start travelling
-2nd stage

Question 31

what are the two types of nerve fibres responsible for travelling in regards to transmision

Answer 31

afferent, efferent

Question 32

what are afferent nerve fibres

Answer 32

sensory impulses toward the spinal cord

Question 33

what are efferent nerve fibers

Answer 33

motor impulses away from the spinal cord

Question 34

what is modulation

Answer 34

the transmitted signal either amplified (pain sensation gets stronger) or dampened (pain sensation dies down)
-the 3rd stage

Question 35

what is perception

Answer 35

• the 4th stage
• transform into motor responses (via efferent verve fibre) and memories
• the final conscious subjective and awareness of the experience of pain