recognizing and effect of pain Flashcards

1
Q

definition of pain?

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

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2
Q

pain is the ____ vital sign

A

4th

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3
Q

what is an abnormal posture behavioural characteristic associated with pain

A

hunched up “praying position”

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4
Q

what is an abnormal gait behavioural characteristic associated with pain

A

stiff, partial weight bearing on injured limb

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5
Q

what is an abnormal movement behavioural characteristic associated with pain

A

thrashing, restless, no movement when not sleeping

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6
Q

what is an vocalization behavioural characteristic associated with pain

A

screaming, whining, crying

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7
Q

list 7 examples of physiologic characteristics associated with pain

A
  1. tachypnea/panting
  2. tachycardia
  3. mydriasis
  4. hypertension
  5. increased temp
  6. pale mm
  7. increased serum cortisol and epinephrine
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8
Q

which systems are affected if not treated properly

A

gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic

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9
Q

what is hypoxia

A

not enough oxygen going everywhere/ organs

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10
Q

what gets released when an animal experiences pain

A

catecholamine (a hormone)

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11
Q

which sympathetic events happen when the release of catecholamine

A

tachycardia, hypertension

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12
Q

what is a common example of cardiac arrhythmia

A

VPC (Ventricular Premature Contraction) view on a ECG

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13
Q

for metabolic effects in regards to pain what happens?

for increasing

A

causes it to increase its production of catabolic hormones (hormones that breaks things down and gives out energy)

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14
Q

what is a antidiuretic hormone

A

causes water retention in the body

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15
Q

what is a glucagon

A

a hormone that raises bloodsugar level

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16
Q

what is cortisol

A

a ‘stress hormone’ which is responsible for blood pressure and sugar

17
Q

what happens when there is too much cortisol

A

may have sleep destruction, hyperglycemia, hypertension, tachycardia

18
Q

for metabolic effects in regards to pain what happens?

for decreases

A

the pain can cause the body to decrease production of anabolic hormones (hormones that build and consume energy)

19
Q

what is insulin?

A

a hormone that helps regulate/decrease blood sugar level

20
Q

what 3 hormonal effects when you have an increased catabolic and decreased anabolic hormones

A

causes a negative systemic complications such as

  • delayed healing
  • growth and development disturbances
  • gastric ulcers
21
Q

what can happen in regards to respiratory effects with pain

A
  • increased respiratory rate
  • decreased in oxygenation
  • dyspnea
  • effort
22
Q

what is nociception

A

the neural process of encoding and processing of the noxious stimuli (it is the detection of actual or potential tissue damage)

23
Q

what 3 things can noxious stimuli be?

A

chemical, thermal, mechanical

24
Q

what is nociception initiated by?

A

nociceptors - neural receptors that receive the signal from the stimuli

25
what are the 4 stages of nociception
1. transduction 2. transmission 3. modulation 4. perception
26
what is transduction
- the first stage | - the noxious stimulus switch from physical energy to electrical activity
27
what are the two major types of nerve fibres on nociceptors
a-delta | c-fibre
28
what is a-delta
a nerve fibre that is fast conduction myelinated neuron, responsible from localize and sharp stimulus
29
what is c-fibre
a nerve fibre that slow conducting unmyelinated neuron, responsible for poorly localized, dull stimulus
30
what is transmission
the propagation of nerve impulse - the electrical signals now start travelling -2nd stage
31
what are the two types of nerve fibres responsible for travelling in regards to transmision
afferent, efferent
32
what are afferent nerve fibres
sensory impulses toward the spinal cord
33
what are efferent nerve fibers
motor impulses away from the spinal cord
34
what is modulation
the transmitted signal either amplified (pain sensation gets stronger) or dampened (pain sensation dies down) -the 3rd stage
35
what is perception
- the 4th stage - transform into motor responses (via efferent verve fibre) and memories - the final conscious subjective and awareness of the experience of pain