recognizing and effect of pain Flashcards
definition of pain?
an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
pain is the ____ vital sign
4th
what is an abnormal posture behavioural characteristic associated with pain
hunched up “praying position”
what is an abnormal gait behavioural characteristic associated with pain
stiff, partial weight bearing on injured limb
what is an abnormal movement behavioural characteristic associated with pain
thrashing, restless, no movement when not sleeping
what is an vocalization behavioural characteristic associated with pain
screaming, whining, crying
list 7 examples of physiologic characteristics associated with pain
- tachypnea/panting
- tachycardia
- mydriasis
- hypertension
- increased temp
- pale mm
- increased serum cortisol and epinephrine
which systems are affected if not treated properly
gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic
what is hypoxia
not enough oxygen going everywhere/ organs
what gets released when an animal experiences pain
catecholamine (a hormone)
which sympathetic events happen when the release of catecholamine
tachycardia, hypertension
what is a common example of cardiac arrhythmia
VPC (Ventricular Premature Contraction) view on a ECG
for metabolic effects in regards to pain what happens?
for increasing
causes it to increase its production of catabolic hormones (hormones that breaks things down and gives out energy)
what is a antidiuretic hormone
causes water retention in the body
what is a glucagon
a hormone that raises bloodsugar level
what is cortisol
a ‘stress hormone’ which is responsible for blood pressure and sugar
what happens when there is too much cortisol
may have sleep destruction, hyperglycemia, hypertension, tachycardia
for metabolic effects in regards to pain what happens?
for decreases
the pain can cause the body to decrease production of anabolic hormones (hormones that build and consume energy)
what is insulin?
a hormone that helps regulate/decrease blood sugar level
what 3 hormonal effects when you have an increased catabolic and decreased anabolic hormones
causes a negative systemic complications such as
- delayed healing
- growth and development disturbances
- gastric ulcers
what can happen in regards to respiratory effects with pain
- increased respiratory rate
- decreased in oxygenation
- dyspnea
- effort
what is nociception
the neural process of encoding and processing of the noxious stimuli (it is the detection of actual or potential tissue damage)
what 3 things can noxious stimuli be?
chemical, thermal, mechanical
what is nociception initiated by?
nociceptors - neural receptors that receive the signal from the stimuli
what are the 4 stages of nociception
- transduction
- transmission
- modulation
- perception
what is transduction
- the first stage
- the noxious stimulus switch from physical energy to electrical activity
what are the two major types of nerve fibres on nociceptors
a-delta
c-fibre
what is a-delta
a nerve fibre that is fast conduction myelinated neuron, responsible from localize and sharp stimulus
what is c-fibre
a nerve fibre that slow conducting unmyelinated neuron, responsible for poorly localized, dull stimulus
what is transmission
the propagation of nerve impulse - the electrical signals now start travelling
-2nd stage
what are the two types of nerve fibres responsible for travelling in regards to transmision
afferent, efferent
what are afferent nerve fibres
sensory impulses toward the spinal cord
what are efferent nerve fibers
motor impulses away from the spinal cord
what is modulation
the transmitted signal either amplified (pain sensation gets stronger) or dampened (pain sensation dies down)
-the 3rd stage
what is perception
- the 4th stage
- transform into motor responses (via efferent verve fibre) and memories
- the final conscious subjective and awareness of the experience of pain
