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common emergencies Flashcards

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1
Q

what are 10 common animal emergencies

A

cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, gastrointestinal, urologic, reproductive, hemtaological, metabolic, opthalmological, dermatological

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2
Q

what are cardiac related problems

A

heart failure, pericardial effusion, arrhythmias, aortic-thromboembolism

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3
Q

what are the clinical signs for cardiac related problems

A

weakness, lethargy, collapse, syncope, cough, tachypnea, resp. distress, possibly anoxeria, v/d

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4
Q

what should we look for in the physical exam

A

mm, breathing, jugular distention, mumurs, cough, arrhythmias, rate, lung sounds, pulses and temp

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5
Q

what is heart failure

A

inability of the heart to supply adequate blood flow to meet the metabolic needs of the body

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6
Q

what is congestive heart failure

A

increased pulmonary/systemic venous pressure causes fluid to leak from the capillary beds and accumulate in tissue or in body cavities

  • may see murmurs, tachypnea/ dyspnea, weakness
  • confirm by radiographs, echocardiography
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7
Q

what is a aortic thromboembolism

A

a clot develops in the heart, breaks free and travels into the systemic arteries -> distal aorta

  • may see posterior paresis, paralysis, pain, cold, pale, low temp, weak or non-existent pules
  • confirm by radiographs, echo, CS, BG, Doppler
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8
Q

what are the clinical signs of cardiac emergencies

A

dyspnea, cyanosis, coughing,exercise intolerance

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9
Q

what can we do for nursing for cardiac emergencies

A

oxygen therapy, sedation, pain meds, venous access, supportive care, equipment/diagnostic tool

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10
Q

what are some upper air respiratory emergencies

A

FB, collapsing trachea, laryngeal paralysis

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11
Q

what are some lower air respiratory emergencies

A

pleural space diseases, lung parenchymal dx, pulmonary edema

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12
Q

what are the clinical signs of respiratory emergencies

A

dyspnea, cyanosis, anxious

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13
Q

what can we do for nursing for respiratory emergencies

A

minimize stress, O2 therapy, ensure permeability of the airways, meds, equipment/diagnostic tools, supportive care

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14
Q

what are some urologic emergencies

A

acute renal failure, renal injuries, urinary tract trauma/obstruction, urethral obstrucion, uroliths

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15
Q

what are some clinical signs of urethral obstruction

A

stranguria, pollakiuria, inappropiate urination, vocal, restless, anorexia, dehydrates, hyperkalemia

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16
Q

what can we do for nursing for urologic emergenices

A

venous access, fluid therapy, blood work, pain meds, EKG, BP, O2 therapy

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17
Q

what should we do for nursing severe hyperkalemic patients

A

fluid therapy - balanced electrolyte solution
insulin/dextrose therapy
calcium therapy
sodium bicarbonate therapy

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18
Q

what should we do for post obstructive care for monitoring for urologic emergenices

A

full perfusion parameters, measure urine ins and outs, EKG, lab test

U-cath care = ecollor. clean cath and line every 6 hrs or prn

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19
Q

what should we know for urethral obstruction client education

A

possibility of re-obstruction, fresh clean water all the time, diet change, environmental enrichment

20
Q

what should we know than uroliths/plugs lodged in the penile urethra

A
  • increased pressure within urethra and bladder ->pressure necrosis/mucosal injury
  • back pressure extends to the kidney which decreases GFR
  • kidneys excretory ability ceases within 24- 48 hrs (accumulation of BUN, creatinine, K+, H+ in the blood
21
Q

what is a partial/complete physical obstruction

A

urolith (struvite and oxalate)
urethral plugs (protein matrix and crystal material)
neoplasia, stricture

22
Q

in the acute abdomen what are secondary to GI emergencies

A

hemoabdomen - splenic torsion/mass, trauma, gastritis
pneumoperitoneum
peritonitis, prancreaitis
gastric distention

23
Q

what is initial care for gastrointestinal emergencies

A

O2, IV access, fluid therapy, meds, diagnostic tests, monitor

24
Q

what might we see as clinical signs for esophageal, gastric, intestinal foreign body

A

vomiting, nausea, inappetence, abd pain

25
Q

what is GD

A

food bloat

26
Q

what are all the predisposing factors in all animals for gastric dilatation volvulus

A

large/giant breeds with deep chests, any dogs, species, eating fast, altered gastric emptying,stress, gases, swallowed air enter the stomach but not leave

27
Q

what are the clinical signs for gastrointestinal emergencies

A

non-productive retching, restlessness, salivates, cranial abdominal, gaseous distention, tachycardia, shock symptoms

28
Q

what can we do for nursing for gastrointestinal emergencies

A

venous access, O2 therapy, EKG

29
Q

what is the goal for treatment in GDV

A

decompression, trocarization, gastropexy, +/- spleenectomy, remove irreversibly comprised tissues

30
Q

what can we do for post op nursing care for gastrointestinal emerg

A

hemodynamic monitoring, pain management, potential arrhythmia, nutrition, light excerise only (2weeks)

31
Q

what is the pathophysiology of gastric dilation volvulus for cardiovasular

A

Compression of intrabdominal veins

  • caudal vena cava, portal vein, splenic veins
  • liver and spleen enlargement/damage
  • decreased venous return -> diminish CO and systemic arterial BP
32
Q

what is the pathophysiology of gastric dilation volvulus for respiratory

A

Caudal displacement of diaphragm

- increase RR and effort to compensate

33
Q

what is the pathophysiology of gastric dilation volvulus for GI

A

Decreased gastric perfusion

  • tissue hypoxia
  • muscosal hemorrhage and necrosis, tearing of gastric vessel
34
Q

hypovomemic and septic shock are secondary too

A

Hypo - venous obstruction with subsequent translocation of IV fluids into IS, GI tract and abdominal cavity
-5-50% decrease in CO
Septic - bacteria translocation from the GI

35
Q

what is the etiology in extracranial seizures/epilepticus

A

metabolic and endocrine (hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia)
toxicosis
neoplasia

36
Q

what is the etiology in intracranial seizures/epilepticus

A

trauma/hemoorhage
encephalitis
hydrocephalus,tumors
genetics (idiopathic)

37
Q

what are some neurological emergenices

A

cranial and spinal trauma/dx
seizures - excessive electraical neuronal dischage orginate from cerebral cortex
epilespy - disorder of multiple seizures (cluster seizures)

38
Q

what is partial (focal) seizures (petit mal)

A
  • they orginate from a focus in 1 cerebral hemisphere ->localize clinical signs
  • with or without alteration in mentation
  • simple isolated muscle to compulsive actions (facial twitching,chewing,aggressive
39
Q

what are generalized seizures (grand mal)

A

-they orginate in neuronal networks that extend bilaterally through both hemispheres
Tonic-clonic phase

40
Q

what is the tonic phase

A

increased muscle tone, limb and head extension, fall to side

41
Q

what is clonic phase

A

alternating extension and flexion of limbs, exaggerated chewing
-urinate/defecate, salivation

42
Q

what is absence seizure

A

transient alteration without external manifestation

43
Q

what are the clinical signs of seizures/epilepticus

A
  • increases 5 min or cluster seizures (3 to 4 seizures in 30 min or large #’s in 12 to 24 hrs)
  • increased temp, HR, RR
  • cerebral edema
  • increased Intra colloid pressure ->herniation of the brain
44
Q

what can we do for initial stabilization of seizures/epilepticus

A 
brief hx
venous access
dextrose if hypoglycemic
diazepram
O2 therapy and fluid therapy
cooling devices if needed
monitor
45
Q

what drugs may be requires to control seizures for heavy sedation

A

phenobarbital/propofol

46
Q

what can we do to monitor for neurological stuff

A
  • frequently monitor parameters
  • neurological evaluation (level of consiousness, cranial nerve exam)
  • oxygenation and ventilation
  • recumbent patient care (alter position, bladder hygiene,corneal protection)

nursing vet tech (13 decks)

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