common emergencies Flashcards by Hannah Schreutelkamp

what are 10 common animal emergencies

cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, gastrointestinal, urologic, reproductive, hemtaological, metabolic, opthalmological, dermatological

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what are cardiac related problems

heart failure, pericardial effusion, arrhythmias, aortic-thromboembolism

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what are the clinical signs for cardiac related problems

weakness, lethargy, collapse, syncope, cough, tachypnea, resp. distress, possibly anoxeria, v/d

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what should we look for in the physical exam

mm, breathing, jugular distention, mumurs, cough, arrhythmias, rate, lung sounds, pulses and temp

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what is heart failure

inability of the heart to supply adequate blood flow to meet the metabolic needs of the body

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what is congestive heart failure

increased pulmonary/systemic venous pressure causes fluid to leak from the capillary beds and accumulate in tissue or in body cavities

may see murmurs, tachypnea/ dyspnea, weakness
confirm by radiographs, echocardiography

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what is a aortic thromboembolism

a clot develops in the heart, breaks free and travels into the systemic arteries -> distal aorta

may see posterior paresis, paralysis, pain, cold, pale, low temp, weak or non-existent pules
confirm by radiographs, echo, CS, BG, Doppler

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what are the clinical signs of cardiac emergencies

dyspnea, cyanosis, coughing,exercise intolerance

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what can we do for nursing for cardiac emergencies

oxygen therapy, sedation, pain meds, venous access, supportive care, equipment/diagnostic tool

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what are some upper air respiratory emergencies

FB, collapsing trachea, laryngeal paralysis

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what are some lower air respiratory emergencies

pleural space diseases, lung parenchymal dx, pulmonary edema

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what are the clinical signs of respiratory emergencies

dyspnea, cyanosis, anxious

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what can we do for nursing for respiratory emergencies

minimize stress, O2 therapy, ensure permeability of the airways, meds, equipment/diagnostic tools, supportive care

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what are some urologic emergencies

acute renal failure, renal injuries, urinary tract trauma/obstruction, urethral obstrucion, uroliths

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what are some clinical signs of urethral obstruction

stranguria, pollakiuria, inappropiate urination, vocal, restless, anorexia, dehydrates, hyperkalemia

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what can we do for nursing for urologic emergenices

venous access, fluid therapy, blood work, pain meds, EKG, BP, O2 therapy

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what should we do for nursing severe hyperkalemic patients

fluid therapy - balanced electrolyte solution
insulin/dextrose therapy
calcium therapy
sodium bicarbonate therapy

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what should we do for post obstructive care for monitoring for urologic emergenices

full perfusion parameters, measure urine ins and outs, EKG, lab test

U-cath care = ecollor. clean cath and line every 6 hrs or prn

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what should we know for urethral obstruction client education

possibility of re-obstruction, fresh clean water all the time, diet change, environmental enrichment

what should we know than uroliths/plugs lodged in the penile urethra

increased pressure within urethra and bladder ->pressure necrosis/mucosal injury
back pressure extends to the kidney which decreases GFR
kidneys excretory ability ceases within 24- 48 hrs (accumulation of BUN, creatinine, K+, H+ in the blood

what is a partial/complete physical obstruction

urolith (struvite and oxalate)
urethral plugs (protein matrix and crystal material)
neoplasia, stricture

in the acute abdomen what are secondary to GI emergencies

hemoabdomen - splenic torsion/mass, trauma, gastritis
pneumoperitoneum
peritonitis, prancreaitis
gastric distention

what is initial care for gastrointestinal emergencies

O2, IV access, fluid therapy, meds, diagnostic tests, monitor

what might we see as clinical signs for esophageal, gastric, intestinal foreign body

vomiting, nausea, inappetence, abd pain

what is GD

food bloat

what are all the predisposing factors in all animals for gastric dilatation volvulus

large/giant breeds with deep chests, any dogs, species, eating fast, altered gastric emptying,stress, gases, swallowed air enter the stomach but not leave

what are the clinical signs for gastrointestinal emergencies

non-productive retching, restlessness, salivates, cranial abdominal, gaseous distention, tachycardia, shock symptoms

what can we do for nursing for gastrointestinal emergencies

venous access, O2 therapy, EKG

what is the goal for treatment in GDV

decompression, trocarization, gastropexy, +/- spleenectomy, remove irreversibly comprised tissues

what can we do for post op nursing care for gastrointestinal emerg

hemodynamic monitoring, pain management, potential arrhythmia, nutrition, light excerise only (2weeks)

what is the pathophysiology of gastric dilation volvulus for cardiovasular

Compression of intrabdominal veins - caudal vena cava, portal vein, splenic veins - liver and spleen enlargement/damage - decreased venous return -> diminish CO and systemic arterial BP

what is the pathophysiology of gastric dilation volvulus for respiratory

Caudal displacement of diaphragm | - increase RR and effort to compensate

what is the pathophysiology of gastric dilation volvulus for GI

Decreased gastric perfusion - tissue hypoxia - muscosal hemorrhage and necrosis, tearing of gastric vessel

hypovomemic and septic shock are secondary too

Hypo - venous obstruction with subsequent translocation of IV fluids into IS, GI tract and abdominal cavity -5-50% decrease in CO Septic - bacteria translocation from the GI

what is the etiology in extracranial seizures/epilepticus

metabolic and endocrine (hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia) toxicosis neoplasia

what is the etiology in intracranial seizures/epilepticus

trauma/hemoorhage encephalitis hydrocephalus,tumors genetics (idiopathic)

what are some neurological emergenices

cranial and spinal trauma/dx seizures - excessive electraical neuronal dischage orginate from cerebral cortex epilespy - disorder of multiple seizures (cluster seizures)

what is partial (focal) seizures (petit mal)

- they orginate from a focus in 1 cerebral hemisphere ->localize clinical signs - with or without alteration in mentation - simple isolated muscle to compulsive actions (facial twitching,chewing,aggressive

what are generalized seizures (grand mal)

-they orginate in neuronal networks that extend bilaterally through both hemispheres Tonic-clonic phase

what is the tonic phase

increased muscle tone, limb and head extension, fall to side

what is clonic phase

alternating extension and flexion of limbs, exaggerated chewing -urinate/defecate, salivation

what is absence seizure

transient alteration without external manifestation

what are the clinical signs of seizures/epilepticus

- increases 5 min or cluster seizures (3 to 4 seizures in 30 min or large #'s in 12 to 24 hrs) - increased temp, HR, RR - cerebral edema - increased Intra colloid pressure ->herniation of the brain

what can we do for initial stabilization of seizures/epilepticus

``` brief hx venous access dextrose if hypoglycemic diazepram O2 therapy and fluid therapy cooling devices if needed monitor ```

what drugs may be requires to control seizures for heavy sedation

phenobarbital/propofol

what can we do to monitor for neurological stuff

- frequently monitor parameters - neurological evaluation (level of consiousness, cranial nerve exam) - oxygenation and ventilation - recumbent patient care (alter position, bladder hygiene,corneal protection)