common emergencies Flashcards
what are 10 common animal emergencies
cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, gastrointestinal, urologic, reproductive, hemtaological, metabolic, opthalmological, dermatological
what are cardiac related problems
heart failure, pericardial effusion, arrhythmias, aortic-thromboembolism
what are the clinical signs for cardiac related problems
weakness, lethargy, collapse, syncope, cough, tachypnea, resp. distress, possibly anoxeria, v/d
what should we look for in the physical exam
mm, breathing, jugular distention, mumurs, cough, arrhythmias, rate, lung sounds, pulses and temp
what is heart failure
inability of the heart to supply adequate blood flow to meet the metabolic needs of the body
what is congestive heart failure
increased pulmonary/systemic venous pressure causes fluid to leak from the capillary beds and accumulate in tissue or in body cavities
- may see murmurs, tachypnea/ dyspnea, weakness
- confirm by radiographs, echocardiography
what is a aortic thromboembolism
a clot develops in the heart, breaks free and travels into the systemic arteries -> distal aorta
- may see posterior paresis, paralysis, pain, cold, pale, low temp, weak or non-existent pules
- confirm by radiographs, echo, CS, BG, Doppler
what are the clinical signs of cardiac emergencies
dyspnea, cyanosis, coughing,exercise intolerance
what can we do for nursing for cardiac emergencies
oxygen therapy, sedation, pain meds, venous access, supportive care, equipment/diagnostic tool
what are some upper air respiratory emergencies
FB, collapsing trachea, laryngeal paralysis
what are some lower air respiratory emergencies
pleural space diseases, lung parenchymal dx, pulmonary edema
what are the clinical signs of respiratory emergencies
dyspnea, cyanosis, anxious
what can we do for nursing for respiratory emergencies
minimize stress, O2 therapy, ensure permeability of the airways, meds, equipment/diagnostic tools, supportive care
what are some urologic emergencies
acute renal failure, renal injuries, urinary tract trauma/obstruction, urethral obstrucion, uroliths
what are some clinical signs of urethral obstruction
stranguria, pollakiuria, inappropiate urination, vocal, restless, anorexia, dehydrates, hyperkalemia
what can we do for nursing for urologic emergenices
venous access, fluid therapy, blood work, pain meds, EKG, BP, O2 therapy
what should we do for nursing severe hyperkalemic patients
fluid therapy - balanced electrolyte solution
insulin/dextrose therapy
calcium therapy
sodium bicarbonate therapy
what should we do for post obstructive care for monitoring for urologic emergenices
full perfusion parameters, measure urine ins and outs, EKG, lab test
U-cath care = ecollor. clean cath and line every 6 hrs or prn
what should we know for urethral obstruction client education
possibility of re-obstruction, fresh clean water all the time, diet change, environmental enrichment
what should we know than uroliths/plugs lodged in the penile urethra
- increased pressure within urethra and bladder ->pressure necrosis/mucosal injury
- back pressure extends to the kidney which decreases GFR
- kidneys excretory ability ceases within 24- 48 hrs (accumulation of BUN, creatinine, K+, H+ in the blood
what is a partial/complete physical obstruction
urolith (struvite and oxalate)
urethral plugs (protein matrix and crystal material)
neoplasia, stricture
in the acute abdomen what are secondary to GI emergencies
hemoabdomen - splenic torsion/mass, trauma, gastritis
pneumoperitoneum
peritonitis, prancreaitis
gastric distention
what is initial care for gastrointestinal emergencies
O2, IV access, fluid therapy, meds, diagnostic tests, monitor
what might we see as clinical signs for esophageal, gastric, intestinal foreign body
vomiting, nausea, inappetence, abd pain
what is GD
food bloat
what are all the predisposing factors in all animals for gastric dilatation volvulus
large/giant breeds with deep chests, any dogs, species, eating fast, altered gastric emptying,stress, gases, swallowed air enter the stomach but not leave
what are the clinical signs for gastrointestinal emergencies
non-productive retching, restlessness, salivates, cranial abdominal, gaseous distention, tachycardia, shock symptoms
what can we do for nursing for gastrointestinal emergencies
venous access, O2 therapy, EKG
what is the goal for treatment in GDV
decompression, trocarization, gastropexy, +/- spleenectomy, remove irreversibly comprised tissues
what can we do for post op nursing care for gastrointestinal emerg
hemodynamic monitoring, pain management, potential arrhythmia, nutrition, light excerise only (2weeks)
what is the pathophysiology of gastric dilation volvulus for cardiovasular
Compression of intrabdominal veins
- caudal vena cava, portal vein, splenic veins
- liver and spleen enlargement/damage
- decreased venous return -> diminish CO and systemic arterial BP
what is the pathophysiology of gastric dilation volvulus for respiratory
Caudal displacement of diaphragm
- increase RR and effort to compensate
what is the pathophysiology of gastric dilation volvulus for GI
Decreased gastric perfusion
- tissue hypoxia
- muscosal hemorrhage and necrosis, tearing of gastric vessel
hypovomemic and septic shock are secondary too
Hypo - venous obstruction with subsequent translocation of IV fluids into IS, GI tract and abdominal cavity
-5-50% decrease in CO
Septic - bacteria translocation from the GI
what is the etiology in extracranial seizures/epilepticus
metabolic and endocrine (hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia)
toxicosis
neoplasia
what is the etiology in intracranial seizures/epilepticus
trauma/hemoorhage
encephalitis
hydrocephalus,tumors
genetics (idiopathic)
what are some neurological emergenices
cranial and spinal trauma/dx
seizures - excessive electraical neuronal dischage orginate from cerebral cortex
epilespy - disorder of multiple seizures (cluster seizures)
what is partial (focal) seizures (petit mal)
- they orginate from a focus in 1 cerebral hemisphere ->localize clinical signs
- with or without alteration in mentation
- simple isolated muscle to compulsive actions (facial twitching,chewing,aggressive
what are generalized seizures (grand mal)
-they orginate in neuronal networks that extend bilaterally through both hemispheres
Tonic-clonic phase
what is the tonic phase
increased muscle tone, limb and head extension, fall to side
what is clonic phase
alternating extension and flexion of limbs, exaggerated chewing
-urinate/defecate, salivation
what is absence seizure
transient alteration without external manifestation
what are the clinical signs of seizures/epilepticus
- increases 5 min or cluster seizures (3 to 4 seizures in 30 min or large #’s in 12 to 24 hrs)
- increased temp, HR, RR
- cerebral edema
- increased Intra colloid pressure ->herniation of the brain
what can we do for initial stabilization of seizures/epilepticus
brief hx venous access dextrose if hypoglycemic diazepram O2 therapy and fluid therapy cooling devices if needed monitor
what drugs may be requires to control seizures for heavy sedation
phenobarbital/propofol
what can we do to monitor for neurological stuff
- frequently monitor parameters
- neurological evaluation (level of consiousness, cranial nerve exam)
- oxygenation and ventilation
- recumbent patient care (alter position, bladder hygiene,corneal protection)
