Recognition Memory Flashcards
what are the 3 fundamental natures of memory?
- memory representations are only as good as the input
- memory is reconstructed/ constructive
- expectations can be manipulated
T or F? the visual system spatially removes details (in proportion to distance)
True
what perceptions can affect memory? what factors support that memory details are only as good as the perception of those details?
- distance impairs perception
- distraction impairs encoding
- distinctive features attract attention (attractive or unattractive faces)
- weapon focus
memory is constructive… what does this actually mean?
what we retrieve depends on details which cue memory
what is a schema?
a set of ideas or framework for representing some aspect of the world
how can a schema influence memory?
influences how you interpret new information and determines what you pay attention to when learning
prior knowledge will influence what you think is important and what you think is important is what you will pay attention to
how can schema lead to distortions in memory’?
- info that isn’t consistent with schema is often distorted to fit schema, and the schema is very hard to change
what are the two things that memory is comprised of in regards to schemas? what are the consequences of this?
- specific details
- a theory or expectation of how those details fit together
if not recalled, the details are gradually forgotten until only the gist of what occurred remains
what is the method of loci?
visualisations, dances and stories are used to encode things you want to recall
what is an oral tradition?
the passing on of stories, typically amongst indigenous communities where alternative methods such as method of loci are used to ensure the stories stay the exact same over generations
what did loftus and palmer study regarding the car accident?
that depending on the word (hit, bumped, smashed etc) that was used, influenced their estimation of how fast the car was going, and in turn whether or not they thought they saw broken glass
what did charman and wells show re police line ups?
that when witnesses received instructions that “the person may have changed a bit”, they are more likely to falsely identify a perpetrator, showing that this warning changed the criterion of what they were expecting the perp to look like
T or F? the type of question does not provide a cue which is used to extract a schema of events
false
which study showed that the number of false assertions can increase incorrect memories?
the study where researchers photo shopped photos to convince participants that certain events happened in their childhood which actually didn’t
what can be the effects of a misleading cue?
affects how the schema is retrieved and altered to explain that detail
what is the continued influence effect? most famous study demonstrating it?
the persistent reliance on misinformation even when people can recall a correction or retraction
- warehouse fire (Johnson and Seifert 1994)
what were the 3 conditions of the warehouse fire study? ?
control - closet was empty
immediate retraction - suggestion of flammable materials in closet was retracted immediately
delayed retraction - suggestion of flammable materials in closet was retracted later
when are corrections more effective ?
when they contain an alternative causal story
what are causal alternatives?
info that fill in a gap in the story caused by the retraction, allowing for increased comprehension and to build a more complete schema
what is the information deficit model?
is this effective?
a theory on how to correct misinformation - that people believe misinformation because they don’t have enough of the correct info, so providing them with more correct info will fix this.
no, need to have causal alternatives
what are the 3 backfire effects?
familiarity
overkill
worldview
what is the familiarity backfire effect?
fluency - the more familiar something is, the easier it is to remember, the more likely you are to believe it
is is better to say what is true instead of repeating the false claim and retracting it as it makes the false claim more familiar
t or f, information that is less consistent or incoherent is processed less fluently
true
what is the overkilll backfire effect?
providing fewer counterarguments can be better than processing more as less are easier to process
what is the world view backfire effect?
this is more of an expressive up yours to people delivering the information, want to express their views of alignment with groups or people by expressing one answer even if they know it is wrong
