Recognition Memory

Question 1

what are the 3 fundamental natures of memory?

Answer 1

• memory representations are only as good as the input
• memory is reconstructed/ constructive
• expectations can be manipulated

Question 2

T or F? the visual system spatially removes details (in proportion to distance)

Answer 2

True

Question 3

what perceptions can affect memory? what factors support that memory details are only as good as the perception of those details?

Answer 3

• distance impairs perception
• distraction impairs encoding
• distinctive features attract attention (attractive or unattractive faces)
• weapon focus

Question 4

memory is constructive… what does this actually mean?

Answer 4

what we retrieve depends on details which cue memory

Question 5

what is a schema?

Answer 5

a set of ideas or framework for representing some aspect of the world

Question 6

how can a schema influence memory?

Answer 6

influences how you interpret new information and determines what you pay attention to when learning
prior knowledge will influence what you think is important and what you think is important is what you will pay attention to

Question 7

how can schema lead to distortions in memory’?

Answer 7

• info that isn’t consistent with schema is often distorted to fit schema, and the schema is very hard to change

Question 8

what are the two things that memory is comprised of in regards to schemas? what are the consequences of this?

Answer 8

1. specific details
2. a theory or expectation of how those details fit together
   if not recalled, the details are gradually forgotten until only the gist of what occurred remains

Question 9

what is the method of loci?

Answer 9

visualisations, dances and stories are used to encode things you want to recall

Question 10

what is an oral tradition?

Answer 10

the passing on of stories, typically amongst indigenous communities where alternative methods such as method of loci are used to ensure the stories stay the exact same over generations

Question 11

what did loftus and palmer study regarding the car accident?

Answer 11

that depending on the word (hit, bumped, smashed etc) that was used, influenced their estimation of how fast the car was going, and in turn whether or not they thought they saw broken glass

Question 12

what did charman and wells show re police line ups?

Answer 12

that when witnesses received instructions that “the person may have changed a bit”, they are more likely to falsely identify a perpetrator, showing that this warning changed the criterion of what they were expecting the perp to look like

Question 13

T or F? the type of question does not provide a cue which is used to extract a schema of events

Answer 13

false

Question 14

which study showed that the number of false assertions can increase incorrect memories?

Answer 14

the study where researchers photo shopped photos to convince participants that certain events happened in their childhood which actually didn’t

Question 15

what can be the effects of a misleading cue?

Answer 15

affects how the schema is retrieved and altered to explain that detail

Question 16

what is the continued influence effect? most famous study demonstrating it?

Answer 16

the persistent reliance on misinformation even when people can recall a correction or retraction
- warehouse fire (Johnson and Seifert 1994)

Question 17

what were the 3 conditions of the warehouse fire study? ?

Answer 17

control - closet was empty
immediate retraction - suggestion of flammable materials in closet was retracted immediately
delayed retraction - suggestion of flammable materials in closet was retracted later

Question 18

when are corrections more effective ?

Answer 18

when they contain an alternative causal story

Question 19

what are causal alternatives?

Answer 19

info that fill in a gap in the story caused by the retraction, allowing for increased comprehension and to build a more complete schema

Question 20

what is the information deficit model?

is this effective?

Answer 20

a theory on how to correct misinformation - that people believe misinformation because they don’t have enough of the correct info, so providing them with more correct info will fix this.
no, need to have causal alternatives

Question 21

what are the 3 backfire effects?

Answer 21

familiarity
overkill
worldview

Question 22

what is the familiarity backfire effect?

Answer 22

fluency - the more familiar something is, the easier it is to remember, the more likely you are to believe it
is is better to say what is true instead of repeating the false claim and retracting it as it makes the false claim more familiar

Question 23

t or f, information that is less consistent or incoherent is processed less fluently

Answer 23

true

Question 24

what is the overkilll backfire effect?

Answer 24

providing fewer counterarguments can be better than processing more as less are easier to process

Question 25

what is the world view backfire effect?

Answer 25

this is more of an expressive up yours to people delivering the information, want to express their views of alignment with groups or people by expressing one answer even if they know it is wrong