Models of Word Recognition and Production Flashcards
T or F? there are no gaps between spoken words?
T
T or F? the same spoken word will sound the same across different contexts
F
T or F? As you hear the sounds of words unfold over time, your brain is trying to predict what the word is before it ends
T
what is a cohort of words?
a possible number of words that start with the same sound
what is the problem of parallel activation?
the brain generating a number of different hypotheses in parallel of what the word is, after it hears the start of the word.. words become activated in parallel
what is a lexicon?
a part of the brain that is devoted to representing your knowledge of words, a metaphorical mental dictionary
what are the 3 linguistic modalities?
phonology, orthography and visuo-spatial/gestural
what is the first/most fundamental part of language processing?
recognising the forms of words, either their spoken or written form
what are lexical representations? (“lemmas”) stored?
our lexicons
perceptual forms of words map onto what?
our lexical representations
what do lexical representations do/represent?
Examples?
what underlies the form of the word
eg, its role, the way it can be used in a sentence, concepts (semantics) it maps onto
how long do spoken words approx take to unfold?
500 milliseconds
what two tests can provide some evidence for parallel activation of lexical competitors?
eye tracking and mouse tracking
what does cross modal priming refer to?
how spoken input can affect the way we interact with and are primed for different written input (written words)
what does cross modal priming measure? and how?
it measures which words are activated in the lexicon during the spread of activation and measures this by response time to recognition of a word fragments that do or do not prime associated words
who introduced the TRACE model and when?
McClelland and Elman, 1986
T or F. TRACE model is a connectionist model?
T
what are the 3 levels of the TRACE model of spoken word recognition? from lowest to highest
features (eg voicing of a sound), phonemes, word layer/lexical level
what can the TRACE model not explain
how meaning is attached to words, only focused on recognising individual words
why is the TRACE model considered an interactive activation connectionist model?
because there is activation between all layers of the model that influence and feed back on the nodes in other layers… there is both bottom up and top down functioning
what does threshold refer to when talking about nodes in the TRACE model?
this threshold determines how much input the node needs in order to send activation to other nodes
what does resting level of activation refer to when talking about nodes in the TRACE model?
reflects the frequency that the node is activated.
what determines resting level of activation?
this resting level of activation is determined by the frequency that the nodes are used… nodes that are used a lot have a higher resting level of activation as it does not take much to push them beyond the threshold
what is “lexical feedback” within the TRACE model?
top down interaction between the lexical level and the phoneme level, which reinforces the phoneme level, thus reinforcing the likelihood of both nodes from each layer occurring