Rebirth and Unrest, 1350-1453 ch 11 Flashcards
The epidemic of bubonic plague that ravaged Europe, Asia, and North Africa in the fourteenth century, killing one third to one half of the population.
Black Death
A rebellion triggered in 1381 by resistance to new and higher taxes, as well as the widespread perception of corruption within the Church and the royal administration.
English Peasants’ Revolt
Florentine author best known for his Decameron, a collection of prose tales about sex, adventure, and trickery written in the Italian vernacular after the Black Death.
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313 - 1375)
English poet whose collection of versified stories, The Canterbury Tales, features characters from a variety of different classes.
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340 - 1400)
Born in Italy, she spent her adult life attached to the French court and, after her husband’s death, became the first laywoman to earn her living by writing. She is the author of treatises in warfare and chivalry as well as of books and pamphlets that challenge long-standing misogynistic claims.
Christine de Pisan (c. 1364 - c. 1431)
A program of study associated with the movement known as the Renaissance, this idea aimed to replace the scholastic emphasis on logic and philosophy with the study of ancient languages, literature, history, and ethics.
Humanism
From the French word meaning ‘rebirth,’ this term came to be used in the nineteenth century to describe the artistic, intellectual, and cultural movement that emerged in Italy after 1300 and that sought to recover and emulate the heritage of the classical past.
Renaissance
During the thirteenth century, this dynasty established itself as leader of the Turks. From the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, they conquered Anatolia, Armenia, Syria, and North Africa as well as parts of southeastern Europe, the Crimea, and areas along the Red Sea. Portions of this Empire persisted up to the time of the First World War, but it was dismantled in the years following it.
Ottoman Empire (c.1300 - 1923)
Saw itself as the natural protector and ally of the eastern Roman Empire, and its alienation from western Europe increased as Byzantium grew weaker and the responsibility for defending Orthodox Christianity devolved onto the Russian Church.
Muscovy
Russian word for ‘emperor,’ derived from the Latin caesar and similar to the German kaiser, it was the title claimed by the rulers of medieval Muscovy and of the later Russian Empire.
Tsar
A series of wars between England and France, fought mostly on French soil and prompted by the territorial and political claims of English monarchs.
Hundred Years’ War (1337 - 1453)
A peasant girl from the province of Lorraine who claimed to have been commanded by God to lead French forces against the English occupying army during the Hundred Years’ War. Successful in her efforts, she was betrayed by the French king and handed over to the English, who condemned her to death for heresy. Her reputation underwent a process of rehabilitation, but she was not officially canonized as a saint until 1920.
Joan of Arc (c. 1412 - 1431)
A meeting of clergy and theologians in an effort to resolve the Great Schism within the Roman Church. The group deposed all rival papal candidates and elected a new pope, Martin V, but it also adopted the doctrine of conciliarism, which holds that the supreme authority within the Church rests with a representative general council and not with the pope. However, Martin V himself was an opponent of this doctrine and refused to be bound by it.
Council of Constance (1417 - 1420)
During this time, the Roman Church was divided between two (and, ultimately, three) competing popes. Each pope claimed to be legitimate and each denounced the heresy of the others.
Great Schism (1378 - 1417)
A doctrine developed in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries to counter the growing power of the papacy, this idea holds that papal authority should be subject to a council of the Church at large.
Conciliarism
