Europe in the Atlantic World, 1564-1650 ch 14 Flashcards
The widespread exchange of peoples, plants, animals, diseases, goods, and culture between the African and Eurasian landmass (on the one hand) and the region that encompasses the Americas, Australia, and the Pacific Islands (on the other); precipitated by voyage of Columbus in 1492.
Columbian Exchange
The eighteenth-century commercial Atlantic shipping pattern that took rum from New England to Africa, traded it for slaves taken to the West Indies, and brought sugar back to New England to be processed into rum.
Triangular Trade
An unprecedented inflation in prices in the latter half of the sixteenth century, resulting in part from the enormous influx of silver bullion from Spanish America.
Price Revolution
Issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 in an effort to end religious violence. The edict declared France to be a Catholic country but tolerated some forms of Protestant worship.
Henry IV of France
King of Spain from 1556 - 98 and briefly King of England and Ireland during his marriage to Queen Mary I of England. As a staunch Catholic, He responded with military might to the desecration of Catholic churches in the Spanish Netherlands in the 1560s. When commercial conflict with England escalated, He sent the Spanish Armada to conquer England in 1588, but it was largely destroyed by stormy weather
Philip II of Spain
Beginning as a conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Germany, this series of skirmishes escalated into a general European war fought on German soil by armies from Sweden, France, and the Holy Roman Empire.
Thirty Years’ War (1618 - 1648)
First minister to King Louis XIII, he is considered by many to have ruled France in all but name, centralizing political power and suppressing dissent.
Cardinal Richelieu (1585 - 1642)
The second Stuart king of England, He attempted to rule without the support of Parliament, sparking a controversy that erupted into civil war in 1642. The king’s forces were ultimately defeated and he himself was executed by act of Parliament, the first time in history that a reigning king was legally deposed and executed by his own government.
Charles I (1625 - 1649)
The rash of persecutions that took place in both Catholic and Protestant countries of early modern Europe and their colonies, facilitated by secular governments and religious authorities.
Witch Craze
A French political philosopher whose Six Books of the Commonwealth advanced a theory of absolute sovereignty, on the grounds that the state’s paramount duty is to maintain order and that monarchs should therefore exercise unlimited power.
Jean Bodin (1530 - 1596)
English political philosopher whose Leviathan argued that any form of government capable of protecting its subjects’ lives and property might act as an all-powerful sovereign. This government should be allowed to trample over both liberty and property for the sake of its own survival and that of his subjects. For in his natural state, this man argued, man was like ‘a wolf’ toward other men.
Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679)
French philosopher and social commentator, best known for his Essays.
Montaigne (1533 - 1592)
A Catholic philosopher who wanted to establish the truth of Christianity by appealing simultaneously to intellect and emotion. In his PensŽes, he argued that faith alone can resolve the world’s contradictions and that his own awe in the face of evil and uncertainty must be evidence of God’s existence.
Pascal (1623 - 1662)
An English playwright who flourished during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I, He received a basic education in his hometown of Stratford-upon-Avon and worked in London as an actor before achieving success as a dramatist and poet.
Shakespeare (1564 - 1616)
