Consolidation of Europe, 1100-1250 ch 9

Question 1

At the age of twenty-one he was already the duke of Normandy and the lord of two other independent French counties, Anjou and Maine. He also controlled the Aquitaine, thanks to his recent alliance with its powerful and brilliant ruler, Eleanor (1122 - 1204), who had annulled her first marriage to the French king Louis VII in order to marry this man. As a result, England found itself integrated into the political and cultural world of the Continent in unprecedented ways.

Answer 1

Henry II (b. 1133

Question 2

A longtime friend and supporter of Henry II’s, he was the archbishop of Canterbury.

Answer 2

Thomas Beckett

Question 3

Enacted in 1215 during the reign of King John of England and designed to limit his powers. Regarded now as a landmark in the development of constitutional government. In its own time, its purpose was to restore the power of great lords.

Answer 3

Magna Carta

Question 4

The first French ruler to use the title ‘king of France’ rather than ‘king of the French.’ After he captured Normandy and its adjacent territories from the English, he built an effective system of local administration, which recognized regional diversity while promoting centralized royal control. This administrative pattern would characterize French government until the French Revolution.

Answer 4

Philip Augustus (1165 - 1223)

Question 5

Fragile principalities laying a thin veneer of western European influence on top of a deep, complex culture that would withstand any superficial changes.

Answer 5

Crusader States

Question 6

Successful alliances forged among the Iberian Peninsula’s Christian rulers and their eventual defeat of neighboring Muslim kingdoms.

Answer 6

Reconquista

Question 7

As pope, he wanted to unify all of Christendom under papal hegemony. He furthered this goal at the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, which defined one of the Church’s dogmas as the acknowledgment of papal supremacy. The council also took an unprecedented interest in the religious education and habits of every Christian.

Answer 7

Innocent III (1160/61 - 1216)

Question 8

Also known as the Order of the Friars Minor. The earliest of these people were followers of Francis of Assisi (1182 - 1226) and strove, like him, to imitate the life and example of Jesus. The order was formally established by Pope Innocent III in 1209. Its special mission was the care and instruction of the urban poor.

Answer 8

Franciscans

Question 9

Also called the Order of Preachers, it was founded by Dominic of Osma (1170 - 1221), a Castilian preacher and theologian, and approved by Innocent III in 1216. The order was dedicated to the rooting out of heresy and the conversion of Jews and Muslims. Many of its members held teaching positions in European universities and contributed to the development of medieval philosophy and theology. Others became the leading administrators of the Inquisition.

Answer 9

Dominicans

Question 10

The beliefs and practices associated with the veneration of Mary, the mother of Jesus, which became increasingly popular in the twelfth century.

Answer 10

Cult of the Virgin

Question 11

(1098 - 1179) A powerful abbess, theologian, scientist, musician, and visionary who claimed to receive regular revelations from God. Although highly influential in her own day, she was never officially canonized by the Church, in part because her strong personality no longer matched the changing ideal of female piety.

Answer 11

Hildegard of Bingen

Question 12

One of the foremost scholars of her time, she became the pupil and the wife of the philosopher and teacher Peter Abelard. In later life, she was the founder of a new religious order for women.

Answer 12

Heloise (c. 1090 - 1164)

Question 13

The educational revolution that began in the eleventh century led to the development of new critical methods for framing and resolving complex theological and philosophical problems.

Answer 13

Scholasticism

Question 14

The most influential intellectual of the Middle Ages and a Dominican.

Answer 14

Thomas Aquinus (c. 1225 - 1274)

Question 15

After leaving his father’s lands in Brittany and besting all the established teachers in Paris, he was appointed to the position of master in the cathedral school, one of the highest academic posts then available. There he became private tutor to Heloise and she soon became more than that: his intellectual partner, his lover, and his wife. This last step was particularly problematic, because marriage was no longer an option for clerics and would therefore ruin his chances of a brilliant career in the Church. So it remained a secret, as did Heloise’s subsequent pregnancy and the birth of their son. But her uncle eventually found out and took revenge on him, sending some local thugs to castrate him.

Answer 15

Peter Abelard

Question 16

The reputation of Peter Abelard and his students attracted many intellectuals to Paris in the twelfth century, some of whom began offering instruction to aspiring scholars. By 1200, this loose association of teachers had formed themselves into a universitas, or corporation. They began collaborating in the higher academic study of the liberal arts with a special emphasis on theology.

Answer 16

University of Paris

Question 17

Ruler of the wealthy province of Aquitaine and wife of Louis VII of France, she had her marriage annulled in order to marry the young count of Anjou, Henry Plantagenet, who became King Henry of England a year later. Mother of two future kings of England, she was an important patron of the arts.

Answer 17

Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122 - 1204)