Reasons against secularisation

Question 1

Name five reasons against secularisation

Answer 1

Cultural defence and transition

Fundamentalism

Resacrillisation and re-enchantment

Religious market theory

Existential security theory

Question 2

Ao1
Cultural defence and transition

Answer 2

Bruce identifies two counter trends that seem to go against secularisation theory, because they are associated with higher than average levels of religious participation
Cultural defence is where religion provides a defence against an external for such as hostile foreign power, for example, the popularity of Catholicism in Poland before the fall of communism

Cultural transition is where the religion provides support and a sense of community for ethnic group such as migrants who move to a different country and culture

Question 3

Ao3 cultural defence and transition

Answer 3

Bruce argues that religion survives in such situations, only because it’s a focus for group identity

Question 4

Ao1 fundamentalism

Answer 4

Almond et al I identify the growth of fundamentalism among Jews in Israel, Muslims in Pakistan, Palestine , Egypt, and parts of Soviet union et cetera
Members of these groups are more likely to attend church and strongly support traditional morality

He pointed out that many of these conservative religious groups have grown massively in the recent years at the expense of more mainstream denominations

Question 5

Ao3 fundamentalism

Answer 5

Bruce Argues that the groups have gained much more attention, only because there supporters are unusual for holding strong religious convictions in a largely secular world

Question 6

Ao1 resacralisation and re enchantment

Answer 6

Heelas that the data from his Kendall project found that, although there may be secularisation in terms of traditional religions, there is a renewal of religious beliefs, people shift from traditional religions to more individualistic spirituality

This research suggest that religious believes it’s not disappearing, but simply being re oriented allow people to pick a mix which religion they want to choose from and what works for them

Question 7

Ao3 resacralisation and re enchantment

Answer 7

Bruce pointed out that the research collected by heelas show that fewer than one in 50 people in around the area of Kendall were engaged in the new age activities