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Psychology > Reaserch In Psychology > Flashcards

Reaserch In Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Qualitative reaserch

A

Qualitative research methods collects data utilizing naturalistic and verbal reports.
case studies, participant observations, focus groups, and informal interviews.

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2
Q

Quantitative reaserch

A

Deals in investigating human behaviour by quantifying that behaviour so it can be measured in numbers and statistics.

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3
Q

Operationalized variable

A

How you will define and measure a specific variable

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4
Q

Experimental Studies

A

One variable has an effect on another variable (cause and effect)

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5
Q

Correlational Studies

A

Correlational research is a type of nonexperimental research in which the researcher measures two variables and assesses the statistical relationship (i.e., the correlation) between them . No Iv is manioulated

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6
Q

Descriptive Studies

A

Want to know aspect of a phenomenon

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7
Q

Sample

A

group of individuals taking part in the research study.

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8
Q

Gereralizability

A

extent to which the results of the study can
be applied beyond the sample and the settings used in the study itself

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9
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Selected based on naturally occuring groups, people available at the time

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10
Q

Random Sampling

A

Each person has the same chance of being selected. Best in making sample representative

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11
Q

Self selected sampling + strength and lim

A

Recruiting volunteers. Strength: quick and easy Limitation: more motivated than average population due to possible incentive

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12
Q

Snowball Sampling

A

Participants recruit other participants for a study

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13
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Sample matches the make up of populations. Participants within various sub groups are randomply selected

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14
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Underisable variables thta may affect the validity of the study

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15
Q

Internal validity

A

To what extent is the change in DV caused by IV (credibility)

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16
Q

Population validity

A

Generalizaility to wider population

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17
Q

Ecological validity

A

Generalizability yo other RL setting

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18
Q

Construct validity

A

Generalizability to theory

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19
Q

Laboratory Experiemnet

A

experiment in controlled conditions using a standarized procedure in order to control the variables LOW internal validity

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20
Q

Field Experiments

A

Conducted in a real life setting. Reaserchers control IV but many extraneous variables cannot be controlled

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21
Q

Strength of field experiment

A

High ecological validity - generalizable to real lide settings

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22
Q

3 Limitations of field experiments

A

Cannot control extraneous variables (less internal validity) / cannot be easily replicated / ethical considerations - not practical to get informed consent or debriefing

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23
Q

Limitation of lab experiment

A

Low ecological validity - not completly generalizble to real life settings

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24
Q

Strength of Lab experiment

A

High internal validity. total control of variables

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25
Q

Quasi Experiment

A

No randomassignment of participants to different levels of independant variable (contains a natural occuring IV) for example anxiety, age, gender, cultural backround

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26
Q

Natural Experiment (subset of Quasi experiment)

A

Conducted in natural environmnet but reasercher no control over naturally occuring IV

27
Q

avantage and disadavnatge of natural experiment

A

Strength: High ecological validity + used when unethical to manipulate IV
Limitation: Low internal validity as low control on confounding variables

28
Q

Correlational Studies

A

non experimenal reaserch method, measures two variables, understands statistical relationship between them

29
Q

Positive correlation

A

both variables affected in same way . as x increases y increases

30
Q

negative correlation

A

as one variable increases, other decreases

31
Q

Triangulation

A

Combination of different approaches to collect and interpret data
Method Tri: different methods to complement strengths and limitations
Data Tri: data from a variety of sources
Reasercher tri: combining observations/ interpretations from other reaserchers

32
Q

Rapport

A

For particpants to behave honestly
- voluntrary participation
- right to withdrawl

33
Q

Iterative questioning

A

Spotting suspicious answers and rephrasing the question again, allows reasercher to have a deeper insight into the phenomenon

34
Q

Reflexivity (epistemological and personal)

A

Reaserchers reflect that their own biases might have interfered with observations or interpretations

Epistemological: strengths limitations of method used to collect data

personal: personal beliefes and expecations

35
Q

Credibility checks

A

checking data accuracy for example asking participants to read transfripts to confirm accuracy

36
Q

Thik descriptions

A

Not only explaining observed behavior but context

37
Q

Acquiescence bias (paeticipant)

A

Tendency to give positive answers. Reaserchers need to make neutral open ended questions

38
Q

Social desirability bias (participant)

A

Participants tendency to respond in a way they think would be the most accepted

39
Q

Dominant respondent bias (participant)

A

Group setting where one participant takes control and influence others answers

40
Q

Sensitivity bias (participant)

A

DIstort responses on sensitive subejects
Reasercher should prove conficentiality

41
Q

Confirmation bias (reasercher)

A

reasercher tendency to confrim a belief thus influencing question wording etc

42
Q

Leading question bias (reasercher)

A

Respondants inclined to answer in a certain way due to reasercher wording

43
Q

Sampling bias

A

When sampling is not adequate for aim of reasercher

44
Q

Quota Sampling (qualitative)

A

Decided previusly how many peopel and charcateristics

45
Q

Purposive sampling (qualitative)

A

participant characteristics defined in advantage but sample size is not

46
Q

Theoretical sampling

A

Stops when data saturation is met no new information is being obtained

47
Q

Laboratory vs naturalistic Observation

A

Naturalistic observation - carried out in settings that are not arranged for the study

48
Q

Overt vs Covert observation

A

Overt - participants aware that they are being observed
Covert - reasercher does not inform his presence

49
Q

Interview

A

Insight into subjective experiences
Personal form of reaserch

50
Q

Structured, Unstructured, semi strauctured

A

Structured - fixed list of questions
Semi strauctured - no order or set of particual questions

51
Q

Focus group advantaeges and disadvantages

A

Type of semi structured interview
quick to get info, natural, conformtable environmen, multiple perspectives
lim: dominant participamts , confidentialiyty, sampling demanding

52
Q

Content analysis

A

Writing the transcript
reading material several times
Groupings of info
summaries

53
Q

Case Study

A

In depth investigation. of individual or group
long period of time, combination of differnet methods
sampling is not an issue interested in particcular case however generalization is not completly accurate and mostly is theoretical generalization

54
Q

Informed consent

A

voluntary particopantion as much information of the experiment

55
Q

harm protection

A

protected from psyicial and mental harm (including long term consequences)

56
Q

Anonimity and confidentiality

A

confidentiality: reasercher knows but is confidential
Anonimity: reasercher does not know either

57
Q

Withdrawl

A

Free to exit the study when they want

58
Q

Deception

A

When a researcher gives false information to subjects or intentionally misleads them about some key aspect of the research
Reaserches must use it to bare minimum

59
Q

Debriefing

A

After the studty, participants are fully informed and given the opportunity to veiw and withdrawl their data

60
Q

Expectancy effect

A

: the participant attempts to discern the experimenter’s hypotheses with the goal of “helping” the researcher. This may result in acting in a certain way or giving the “right answer.”

61
Q

Screw you effect

A

the participant attempts to discern the experimenter’s hypotheses, but only in order to destroy the credibility of the study.

62
Q

QUANTITATIVE
reasech techniques and types of experiments

A

Experimental Studies
- field, laboratory, Quasi, natural
Correlational Studies
Descriptive studies

63
Q

QUALITATIVE reasech techniques (to go deeper)

A

Interviews
Focus groups
Observations
Case study
Content analysis

Psychology (10 decks)

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