Reading Comprehension Flashcards
1
Q
Be familiar
demonstrate that a theory that appeared to have been refuted should be reconsidered.
A
نشان می دهد که نظریه ای که به نظر می رسد رد شده است باید تجدید نظر شود.
2
Q
Be familiar
identify ways in which a well-known person differed from her public image.
A
راه هایی را که یک فرد شناخته شده با وجهه عمومی خود متفاوت است شناسایی می کند
3
Q
Be familiar
argue that some major dams are no longer useful and should be demolished.
A
SYN: Prove
4
Q
Be familiar
presenting a theory about the function of the calls of a small mammal.
A
توضیح
5
Q
Be familiar
challenging a common belief about securities markets..
A
6
Q
Be familiar
describing the process by which oligarchs maintain their positions
A
7
Q
Be familiar
We look at each other’s work and criticize it.
ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz
A
OPP: Praise
ما به کار یکدیگر نگاه می کنیم و از آن انتقاد می کنیم.
8
Q
Be familiar
I finally managed to persuade her to go out for a drink with me.
pəˈsweɪd
A
SYN: Convince
بالاخره توانستم او را متقاعد کنم که با من برای نوشیدنی بیرون برود.
9
Q
Be familiar
He denounced the election as a farce.
dɪˈnaʊns
A
to express strong disapproval of someone or something, especially in public
He denounced the election as a farce.
او این انتخابات را مضحک خواند.
10
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Argue
A
Argumentive
11
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Contend
A
Argumentive
ادعای مخالف
12
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Demonstrate
A
Argumentive
clearly show that existence or truth of something by giving proof or evidence
13
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Suggest
A
Argumentive
14
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Advocate
A
Argumentive
15
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Propose
A
Argumentive
16
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Support
A
Argumentive
17
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Challenge
A
Argumentive
18
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Question
A
Argumentive
19
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Refute
A
Argumentive
20
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Correct
A
Argumentive
21
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Discuss
A
Descriptive
22
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Present
A
Descriptive
23
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Illustrate
A
Descriptive
24
Q
Argumentive or Descriptive?
Explain
A
Descriptive
25
# Argumentive or Descriptive?
Examine
Descriptive
| آزمودن
26
# Argumentive or Descriptive?
Identify
Descriptive
27
# Argumentive or Descriptive?
Explore
Descriptive
28
# What is the marker?
Tomatoes contain many important nutrients. However, not all nutritionists recommend eating them.
Tomatoes contain many important nutrients. **However**, not all nutritionists recommend eating them.
| Contrast Marker (indicates a contrast or disagreement)
## Footnote
این لغت به معنای **به هر حال و اما** قبل از یک عبارت بکار می‌رود.
گوجه فرنگی حاوی بسیاری از مواد مغذی مهم است. **با این حال**، همه متخصصان تغذیه خوردن آنها را توصیه نمی کنند.
29
# What is the marker?
Georgia has mild winters. On the other hand, the summers are unbearably hot.
Georgia has mild winters. **On the other hand**, the summers are unbearably hot.
| Contrast Marker (indicates a contrast or disagreement)
## Footnote
این ترکیب تضاد و مقایسه بین دو چیز یا فکر را نشان می‌دهد.
گرجستان زمستان های معتدلی دارد. **از طرفی** تابستان ها به طرز غیر قابل تحملی گرم است.
30
# What is the marker?
I choose to live in Georgia despite the ridiculously hot summers.
I choose to live in Georgia **despite** the ridiculously hot summers.
| Contrast Marker (indicates a contrast or disagreement)
## Footnote
این ترکیب به معنای **علیرغم، با وجود** است.
من زندگی در گرجستان را **با وجود** تابستان های بسیار گرم انتخاب می کنم.
31
# What is the marker?
I may go see “Zoolander 2” tonight at the movie theater. Then again, I may wait for the rental.
I may go see “Zoolander 2” tonight at the movie theater. **Then again**, I may wait for the rental.
| Contrast Marker (indicates a contrast or disagreement)
## Footnote
برای معرفی یک ایده یا واقعیتی استفاده می شود که با چیزی که اخیراً گفتید متفاوت است یا باعث می شود که احتمال درستی آن کمتر به نظر برسد
ممکن است امشب بروم «زولندر 2» را در سینما ببینم. سپس دوباره، **اما از طرفی** ممکن است منتظر اجاره کردنش بمانم
32
# What is the marker?
I despise yard work. Conversely, I am proud of how the yard looks from the street when I’m done.
I despise yard work. **Conversely**, I am proud of how the yard looks from the street when I’m done.
| Contrast Marker (indicates a contrast or disagreement)
## Footnote
زمانی استفاده می شود که یک موقعیت برعکس موقعیت دیگر باشد
من از کار حیاط بدم میاد برعکس، **از طرف دیگر** من به این افتخار می کنم که وقتی کارم تمام می شود، حیاط از خیابان چگونه به نظر می رسد.
33
# What is the marker?
The guest list includes many annoying people. Regardless, I will attend to spend time with the host.
The guest list includes many annoying people. **Regardless**, I will attend to spend time with the host.
| Contrast Marker (indicates a contrast or disagreement)
## Footnote
اگر **بدون توجه** به انجام کاری ادامه دهید، علیرغم مشکلات یا افرادی که به شما می گویند این کار را نکنید، آن را انجام می دهید
لیست مهمان شامل افراد آزاردهنده زیادی است. **صرف نظر از این**، من برای گذراندن وقت با میزبان شرکت خواهم کرد.
34
# What is the marker?
She isn’t a fan of heavy regulation. On the contrary, she is a libertarian.
She isn’t a fan of heavy regulation. **On the contrary**, she is a libertarian.
| Contrast Marker (indicates a contrast or disagreement)
## Footnote
برعکس آنچه گفته شده یا پیشنهاد شده است
او طرفدار مقررات سنگین نیست. **برعکس**، او یک آزادیخواه است.
35
# What is the marker?
Some members of the team were skeptical. Similarly, the coach remained unconvinced.
Some members of the team were skeptical. **Similarly**, the coach remained unconvinced.
| Agreement Marker (indicates agreement)
## Footnote
برخی از اعضای تیم شک داشتند. **به همین ترتیب**، مربی متقاعد نشد.
36
# What is the marker?
The opera did better than predicted. In fact, it was a huge success.
The opera did better than predicted. **In fact**, it was a huge success.
| Agreement Marker (indicates agreement)
## Footnote
اپرا بهتر از آنچه پیش‌بینی می‌شد عمل کرد. **در واقع**، این یک موفقیت بزرگ بود.
37
# What is the marker?
Some historians have argued that few people expected the policies to be implemented.
Some historians **have argued** that few people expected the policies to be implemented.
| Opinion Marker (indicates that an opinion of the author or someone else)
## Footnote
برخی از مورخان **استدلال کرده اند** که افراد کمی انتظار اجرای این سیاست ها را داشتند.
38
# What is the marker?
While the preponderance of the data indicate that Earth is round, there are still individuals who claim that it is flat.
While the preponderance of the data indicate that Earth is round, there are still individuals who **claim** that it is flat.
| Opinion Marker (indicates that an opinion of the author or someone else)
## Footnote
در حالی که غلبه داده ها نشان می دهد که زمین گرد است، هنوز هم افرادی هستند که** ادعا می کنند** که زمین صاف است.
39
# What is the marker?
Dean Ornish proposed that dietary changes would solve the problem.
Dean Ornish **proposed** that dietary changes would solve the problem.
| Opinion Marker (indicates that an opinion of the author or someone else)
## Footnote
دین اورنیش **پیشنهاد کرد** که تغییرات رژیم غذایی مشکل را حل می کند.
40
# What is the marker?
Her supporters have contended that the tone of her letters indicates otherwise.
Her supporters have **contended** that the tone of her letters indicates otherwise.
| Opinion Marker (indicates that an opinion of the author or someone else)
## Footnote
طرفداران او **ادعا کرده اند** که لحن نامه های او چیز دیگری را نشان می دهد.
41
# What is the marker?
Clearly, it is likely that the use of such an approach will have some benefits.
**Clearly**, it is likely that the use of such an approach will have some benefits.
| Opinion Marker (indicates that an opinion of the author or someone else)
## Footnote
**بدیهی است** که به احتمال زیاد استفاده از چنین رویکردی مزایایی خواهد داشت.
42
# What is the marker?
Before taking such measures, management should assess their likely effects on morale.
Before taking such measures, management **should** assess their likely effects on morale.
| Opinion Marker (indicates that an opinion of the author or someone else)
## Footnote
قبل از انجام چنین اقداماتی، مدیریت **باید** اثرات احتمالی آنها را بر روحیه ارزیابی کند.
43
# What is the marker?
Therefore, all such sources can be considered reliable.
**Therefore**, all such sources can be considered reliable.
| Conclusion Marker (introduces a conclusion)
## Footnote
**بنابراین** می توان همه این منابع را قابل اعتماد دانست.
44
# What is the marker?
In summary, she needs to study more and socialize less.
**In summary**, she needs to study more and socialize less.
| Conclusion Marker (introduces a conclusion)
## Footnote
**به طور خلاصه**، او باید بیشتر مطالعه کند و کمتر اجتماعی شود.
45
# What is the marker?
In essence, Leonidas was the main proponent of the new approach.
**In essence**, Leonidas was the main proponent of the new approach.
| Conclusion Marker (introduces a conclusion)
## Footnote
**در اصل**، لئونیداس طرفدار اصلی رویکرد جدید بود.
46
# What is the marker?
All things considered, the campaign went well.
**All things considered**, the campaign went well.
| Conclusion Marker (introduces a conclusion)
## Footnote
**با در نظر گرفتن همه چیز**، کمپین به خوبی پیش رفت.
47
# What is the marker?
In any event, it is clear that he preferred to write short stories.
**In any event**, it is clear that he preferred to write short stories.
| Conclusion Marker (introduces a conclusion)
## Footnote
**به هر حال**، مشخص است که او ترجیح می داد داستان کوتاه بنویسد.
48
# What is the marker?
By and large, the team is playing well this season.
**By and large**, the team is playing well this season.
| Conclusion Marker (introduces a conclusion)
## Footnote
**به طور کلی**، تیم در این فصل خوب بازی می کند.
49
# What is the marker?
For instance, the glove did not fit on the hand of the defendant.
**For instance**, the glove did not fit on the hand of the defendant.
| Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
## Footnote
**مثلاً** دستکش روی دست متهم جا نمی شد.
50
# What is the marker?
For example, they have often encountered wolves without incident.
**For example**, they have often encountered wolves without incident.
| Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
## Footnote
**به عنوان مثال**، آنها اغلب بدون حادثه با گرگ ها روبرو شده اند.
51
# What is the marker?
In particular, this type of fungus cannot live in arid climates.
**In particular**, this type of fungus cannot live in arid climates.
| Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
## Footnote
**به ویژه**، این نوع قارچ نمی تواند در آب و هوای خشک زندگی کند.
52
# What is the marker?
In fact, King Cobras almost never attack humans.
**In fact**, King Cobras almost never attack humans.
| Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
## Footnote
**در واقع**، شاه کبرا تقریباً هرگز به انسان ها حمله نمی کند.
53
# What is the marker?
Given that the water is extremely hot, it is almost certainly sterile.
**Given that** the water is extremely hot, it is almost certainly sterile.
| Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
## Footnote
**با توجه به اینکه** آب بسیار داغ است، تقریباً مطمئناً استریل است.
54
# What is the marker?
After all, this area of the continent remains forested.
**After all**, this area of the continent remains forested.
| Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
## Footnote
**به هر حال**، این منطقه از قاره همچنان جنگلی است.
55
# What is the marker?
His health was improving, as evidenced by the fact that he was writing again.
His health was improving, **as evidenced by** the fact that he was writing again.
| Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
## Footnote
وضعیت سلامتی او رو به بهبود بود، که **گواه آن این است** که دوباره در حال نوشتن بود.
56
# What is the marker?
Furthermore
Additional Point Maker (indicates that the purpose of a sentence is to support a conclusion stated by a sentence probably located more than one sentence above)
57
# What is the marker?
Additionally
Additional Point Maker (indicates that the purpose of a sentence is to support a conclusion stated by a sentence probably located more than one sentence above)
58
# What is the marker?
In addition
Additional Point Maker (indicates that the purpose of a sentence is to support a conclusion stated by a sentence probably located more than one sentence above)
59
# What is the marker?
Likewise
Additional Point Maker (indicates that the purpose of a sentence is to support a conclusion stated by a sentence probably located more than one sentence above)
60
# What is the marker?
Moreover
Additional Point Maker (indicates that the purpose of a sentence is to support a conclusion stated by a sentence probably located more than one sentence above)
61
# What is the marker?
As well
Additional Point Maker (indicates that the purpose of a sentence is to support a conclusion stated by a sentence probably located more than one sentence above)
62
# What is the marker?
Also
Additional Point Maker (indicates that the purpose of a sentence is to support a conclusion stated by a sentence probably located more than one sentence above)
63
# What is the marker?
this X
Look Above Marker (indicates that a sentence is referring to something mentioned previously in the passage)
64
# What is the marker?
these X
Look Above Marker (indicates that a sentence is referring to something mentioned previously in the passage)
65
# What is the marker?
those X
Look Above Marker (indicates that a sentence is referring to something mentioned previously in the passage)
66
# What is the marker?
such X
Look Above Marker (indicates that a sentence is referring to something mentioned previously in the passage)
67
# What is the marker?
for example
Look Above Marker (indicates that a sentence is referring to something mentioned previously in the passage)
68
# What is the marker?
also
Look Above Marker (indicates that a sentence is referring to something mentioned previously in the passage)
69
# What is the marker?
However, whether the eruption caused the tsunami is a matter of dispute.
However, whether the eruption **caused** the tsunami is a matter of dispute.
## Footnote
Causation Marker (indicates that a cause-and-effect relationship is being discussed or mentioned)
70
# What is the marker?
Often, such declines are attributable to sudden increases in interest rates.
Often, such declines are **attributable to** sudden increases in interest rates.
## Footnote
Causation Marker (indicates that a cause-and-effect relationship is being discussed or mentioned)
71
# What is the marker?
Many researchers have sought to identify the reason for the pattern.
Many researchers have sought to identify the **reason** for the pattern.
## Footnote
Causation Marker (indicates that a cause-and-effect relationship is being discussed or mentioned)
72
# What is the marker?
Each of the authors has proposed a different explanation for the company’s success.
Each of the authors has proposed a different **explanation** for the company’s success.
## Footnote
Causation Marker (indicates that a cause-and-effect relationship is being discussed or mentioned)
73
# What is the marker?
?
rhetorical question
74
# What is the marker?
widely held view
Myth Marker (introduces a widely held view that will be discussed, called into question, or disputed)
75
# What is the marker?
common belief
Myth Marker (introduces a widely held view that will be discussed, called into question, or disputed)
76
# What is the marker?
common perception
Myth Marker (introduces a widely held view that will be discussed, called into question, or disputed)
77
# What is the marker?
prevalent perception
Myth Marker (introduces a widely held view that will be discussed, called into question, or disputed)
78
# What is the marker?
many believe
Myth Marker (introduces a widely held view that will be discussed, called into question, or disputed)
79
# What is the marker?
all
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
80
# What is the marker?
every
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
81
# What is the marker?
only
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
82
# What is the marker?
none
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
83
# What is the marker?
always
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
84
# What is the marker?
never
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
85
# What is the marker?
most
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
86
# What is the marker?
least
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
87
# What is the marker?
best
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
88
# What is the marker?
worst
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
89
# What is the marker?
impossible
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
90
# What is the marker?
may
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
91
# What is the marker?
can
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
92
# What is the marker?
could
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
93
# What is the marker?
possibly
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
94
# What is the marker?
probably
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
95
# What is the marker?
likely
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
96
# What is the marker?
some
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
97
# What is the marker?
sometimes
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
98
# What is the marker?
typically
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
99
# What is the marker?
generally
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
100
# What is the marker?
normally
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
101
# What is the marker?
usually
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
102
# What is the marker?
often
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
103
# What is the marker?
perhaps
Qualifier Marker (qualifies a fact stated in a passage)
104
# What is the marker?
But
Contrast Marker (indicates a contrast or disagreement)
105
# What is the marker?
although
Contrast Marker (indicates a contrast or disagreement)
106
# What is the marker?
yet
Contrast Marker (indicates a contrast or disagreement)
107
# What is the marker?
In contrast
Contrast Marker (indicates a contrast or disagreement)
108
# What is the marker?
nevertheless
Contrast Marker (indicates a contrast or disagreement)
109
# What is the marker?
instead
Contrast Marker (indicates a contrast or disagreement)
110
# What is the marker?
for example
Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
111
# What is the marker?
from the fact that
Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
112
# What is the marker?
because
Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
113
# What is the marker?
since
Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
114
# What is the marker?
as indicated by
Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
115
# What is the marker?
due to
Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
116
# What is the marker?
for the reason that
Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
117
# What is the marker?
this can be seen from
Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
118
# What is the marker?
we know this by
Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
119
# What is the marker?
the reason is that
Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
120
# What is the marker?
justified by
Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
121
# What is the marker?
assuming
Support Marker (introduces evidence or an example)
122
# What is the marker?
caused by
Causation Marker (indicates that a cause-and-effect relationship is being discussed or mentioned)
123
# What is the marker?
because
Causation Marker (indicates that a cause-and-effect relationship is being discussed or mentioned)
124
# What is the marker?
due to
Causation Marker (indicates that a cause-and-effect relationship is being discussed or mentioned)
125
# What is the marker?
explained by
Causation Marker (indicates that a cause-and-effect relationship is being discussed or mentioned)
126
# What is the marker?
resulted from
Causation Marker (indicates that a cause-and-effect relationship is being discussed or mentioned)
127
# What is the marker?
as a result of
Causation Marker (indicates that a cause-and-effect relationship is being discussed or mentioned)
128
# What is the marker?
consequently
Causation Marker (indicates that a cause-and-effect relationship is being discussed or mentioned)
129
# What is the marker?
thus
Causation Marker (indicates that a cause-and-effect relationship is being discussed or mentioned)
130
# What is the marker?
all
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
131
# What is the marker?
every
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
132
# What is the marker?
only
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
133
# What is the marker?
none
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
134
# What is the marker?
always
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
135
# What is the marker?
never
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
136
# What is the marker?
most
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
137
# What is the marker?
least
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
138
# What is the marker?
best
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
139
# What is the marker?
worst
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
140
# What is the marker?
impossible
Extreme Marker (indicates that an extreme statement is being made)
141
Myth Marker (introduces a widely held view that will be discussed, called into question, or disputed)
142
Smokescreen
| ˈsmoʊkskriːn
something that you do or say to hide your real plans or actions
| a government that rules behind a smokescreen of democracy
## Footnote
دولتی که** تحت پوشش** دموکراسی حکومت می کند
143
# n., Adj.
Fugitive
| ˈfjuːdʒətɪv
trying to avoid being caught by the police
| فراری
## Footnote
Mnemonic: remember fugi film camera. it takes picture in a fleeting second. A Fugitive is always on the run, staying at any place only for short time, a temporary stay.
144
# n.
Felon
| ˈfelən
SYN: Criminal
| جانی
## Footnote
Mnemonic: fell + on - the criminal stabbed a person with a sharp knife and the victim fell on the floor. ...
145
# RC
7 common RC structures:
1. The passage _presents multiple views_ on a topic and _compares and contrasts_ the views, _reconciles the views, or presents the author’s own view_.
2. The passage _presents a common view (myth)_ and _then challenges_, questions, or discusses that common view.
3. The passage _presents multiple methods or strategies_ and _then states one or more conclusions about those methods or strategies_.
4. The passage _outlines an experiment_, _presents the results_ of the experiment, and _discusses the results or states a conclusion based on the results_.
5. The passage _presents a question_ and _then explores information that helps with answering_ that question.
6. The passage _presents a set of historical developments_ and _states a view of the author’s about those developments_.
7. The passage _presents one or more innovations, products, or phenomena_ and _then describes effects, events, or consequences associated with what it has presented_.
