Reading chapter 1

Question 1

Deoxygenated blood?

Answer 1

Blood received by the right atrium from the veins

Question 2

Oxygenated blood?

Answer 2

Blood returned to the heart’s left side from the lungs

Question 3

Pericardium?

Answer 3

A double-walled closed sac that encloses and protects the heart

Question 4

Fibrous pericardium?

Answer 4

The fibrous sac that is continuous with and encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels

Question 5

Serous pericardium?

Answer 5

A double membrane composed of two layers:
-Parietal pericardiumm
-Visceral pericardiumm

Question 6

Epicardium?

Answer 6

The outermost layer of the heart composed of a smooth, thin serous membrane

Question 7

Myocardium?

Answer 7

The middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle tissue

Question 8

Endocardium?

Answer 8

The innermost layer of the heart (serous membrane lining four chambers of the heart)

Question 9

Atria?

Answer 9

The two smaller, thin-walled upper chambers of the heart

Question 10

Ventricles?

Answer 10

The two larger, thick-walled (muscular) chambers of the heart that pump blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations

Question 11

Tricuspid (mitral) valve?

Answer 11

The three-cusp valve that separates the right atrium and right ventricle

Question 12

Bicuspid (mitral) valve?

Answer 12

A two-cusp valve separating the left atrium and the left ventricle

Question 13

Pulmonic (semilunar) valve?

Answer 13

Fills with blood when the valve is closed preventing backflow of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery

Question 14

Aortic (semilunar) valve?

Answer 14

Allows one-way blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. Prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle during diastole

Question 15

RCA?

Answer 15

The right coronary artery supplies oxygen-rich blood to the inferior aspect of both ventricles

Question 16

LCA?

Answer 16

The left coronary artery supplies oxygen-rich blood to the heart. Made of two branches:
-Left anterior descending (LAD)–>anterior ventricles
-Left circumflex (LCX)–>left side of heart

Question 17

SNS?

Answer 17

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system that increases sympathetic tone, producing the “fight-or-flight” response. Also referred to as the adrenergic system

Question 18

PNS?

Answer 18

The parasympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output. Also referred to as the cholinergic system. The primary nerve of the PSNS is the vagus nerve

Question 19

SA node?

Answer 19

The sinoatrial node known as the pacemaker of the heart automatic initiates cardiac impulses at and intrinsic rate of 60-99 beats per minute

Question 20

AV node?

Answer 20

Acts as a “yield sign” to an electrical impulse and has an intrinsic heart rate of 40-60 beats per minute

Question 21

Bundle of His?

Answer 21

Transfers/speeds up the impulse received from the AV node and delivered it to the bundle branches

Question 22

Bundle branches?

Answer 22

Continuation of the bundle of his, splitting the ventricular septum. The right and left bundle branches carry the electrical impulse through their respective ventricles

Question 23

Purkinje Fibers?

Answer 23

Thin filaments imbedded in the ventricular endocardium that conduct impulses through the myocardium, assisting in depolarization and contraction

Question 24

Bachmann’s bundle?

Answer 24

Internodal conduction tracts that transmit impulses from the SA node to the AV node

Question 25

Wiggers diagram?

Answer 25

A simple diagram that correlates chamber blood pressure, ventricular volume, arterial blood flow, and the electrocardiogram simultaneously plotted against time throughout the cardiac cycle