PowerPoint 1

Question 1

Location of the heart?

Answer 1

-Thoracic cavity
-2/3 left of sternum

Question 2

Where is the base of the heart?

Answer 2

Superior

Question 3

Where is the apex of the heart?

Answer 3

Inferior, between ribs 5 and 6, and against the diaphragm

Question 4

Describe the pericardium?

Answer 4

A membrane that surrounds and protects the heart.
-Fibrous pericardium
-Serous pericardium (parietal and visceral layers)

Question 5

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 5

-Epicardium
-Myocardium
-Endocardium

Question 6

What are the four branches of the coronary blood supply?

Answer 6

Right coronary artery (inferior aspect of both ventricles)
-Marginal branch
-Posterior interventricular branch

Left coronary artery
-Left anterior descending branch supplies blood to both ventricles anteriorly
-Left circumflex branch supplies blood to the left lateral atrium and ventricle

Question 7

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system and their effect on the heart?

Answer 7

Sympathetic (SNS) – stimulates the heart

Parasympathetic (PSNS) – slows heart rate

Question 8

Average heart rate?

Answer 8

70-80bpm

Question 9

What is vagal tone?

Answer 9

Vagal tone refers to activity of the vagus nerve.

Question 10

Where do cardiac arrhythmias come from?

Answer 10

All Cardiac Arrhythmias come from abnormal electrical activity of the heart.

Question 11

What are the five steps of electrical conduction?

Answer 11

1. SA Node (Sinoatrial)
   Intrinsic rate of 60-99bpm
   2.AV Node (Atrioventricular)
   3.Bundle of His
   Speeds up impulse
   4.Bundle Branches
   5.Purkinje fibers

Question 12

What are the three states of polarization?

Answer 12

-Polarized
-Depolarized
-Repolarization

Question 13

What is happening in the polarized state?

Answer 13

-Resting state
-No electrical activity
-Negative resting membrane potential

Question 14

What are the 5 phases of depolarization?

Answer 14

-Phase 4: Resting phase. Ready to receive stimulus.
-Phase 0: Rapid depolarization. The cell receives an impulse, depolarizes, and then contracts.
-Phase 1: Early repolarization. Contraction and partial repolarization occur.
-Phase 2: Plateau. Contraction is completed and the cell begins to relax.
-Phase 3: Rapid repolarization. Repolarization is completed, and the heart returns to polarized state.

Question 15

What is repolarization?

Answer 15

Return to resting state

Question 16

What is the refractory period?

Answer 16

No stimulus can cause depolarization of cell

Question 17

What waves are in an ECG?

Answer 17

P wave –> QRS complex –> T wave

Question 18

Two categories for abnormal heart defects?

Answer 18

Congenital defects (Birth defects)
-1% population
-No intervention, half die before 5y/o

Acquired structural defects (develop/damage during life)

Question 19

All defects have ____ and ____?

Answer 19

Signs and symptoms

Question 20

Signs and symptoms that may present from defects?

Answer 20

-Activity limitation
-Reduction in quality of life
-Some life threatening