Reading 3 (Group 2) Flashcards
What modulates pain perception?
A variety of cognitive and emotional factors, as well as a number of sensory inputs
What 2 things might be important determinants ot the experience of pain?
mood and attention
How can negative emotions influence pain?
Negative emotions can cause or exacerbate pain, and lead to neural changes in differ ent regions of the brain
Where do all cognitive, emotional and sensory processes that affect pain perception arise? What does this include?
from the context surrounding the painful experience, such that different contextual factors might have an important role in the perception of pain.
This context includes the physical properties of the medication, such as colour, shape, taste and smell, the characteristics of the hospital room, the sight of health professionals and medical instruments and the interaction between patient and doctor.
What do context-induced positive expectation and context-induced conditioning produce?
brain changes that are associated with the activation of at least two neuro chemical systems, the endogenous opioid and endo cannabinoid systems.
What is pain modulated by? What have positive contexts been found to activate? What have negative contexts been found to activate? What might contexts with positive meanings result in?
■ Pain is modulated by a variety of contextual factors
■ Positive contexts, such as those related to placebo administration, have been found to activate a number of endogenous antinociceptive systems
■ Negative contexts, such as those related to nocebo effects, activate endogenous systems that increase pain
■ Contexts with positive meanings might even turn pain into a rewarding experience
What has Cholecystokinin (CCK) been found to do?
Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been found to reduce placebo analgesia with its anti opioid action.
From a neuroanatomical viewpoint, what is the current agreement on what the administration of a placebo along with positive verbal suggestions activates?
From a neuroanatomical viewpoint, there is now agreement that administration of a placebo along with positive verbal suggestions activates a descend ing pain modulating network, which is known to have a crucial role in modulation of the ascending nocicep tive inputs
What are the three important regions of the brain involved in the descending pain modulating network?
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and the periaqueductal grey , although many other areas of the brain are also activated or deactivated by the placebo response.
What is nocebo effect? What is it induced by?
The nocebo response is a phenomenon that is opposite to the placebo response and is induced by negative expectations. If a placebo is given within a negative context, for example along with a negative verbal suggestion of pain, a nocebo response can occur.
What are examples of negative contexts that lead to negative expectations?
negative diagnoses and prognoses can lead to an amplification of pain intensity, and can have impor tant effects on the emotional state of patients. Nocebo and nocebo related effects can also occur when patients distrust medical personnel or the prescribed therapy. health reports commonly issued in Western societies can have nocebo effects
Can mass media impact people’s percieved symptoms? Example?
negative warnings sent out by the mass media may have an important impact on people’s perceived symptoms. Headaches, for example, can be caused by believing that there are health risks associated with the use of mobile phones.
Similarly, some negative expectation inducing procedures, such as voodoo magic aimed at producing illness, could exacerbate symptoms.
Give short summary of placebo effect.
The positive context. A positive therapeutic context induces positive expectations, which activate different brain regions, including the DLPFC, the rACC and the PAG.
What does DLPFC stand for?
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
What does PAG stand for?
periaqueductal grey
