Reading 1 (Group 2) Flashcards
How accessible was opium in the 19th century?
- Vials of raw opium were available at any English pharmacy or grocery store by the 19th century .
- Opium-based ‘soothing syrup’ was sold as a cure for colic and almost all common infant ailments.
When was morphine first isolated? What was it named after?
1805
named after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus.
how many tons of morphine are isolated each year?
Over one thousand tons of morphine is isolated from opium each year.
What is most opium converted to?
codeine
what is opium gum? What can it be filtered/made into?
(dried substance obtained from the opium poppy)
can be filtered into a morphine base and synthesized into heroin.
When was morphine first injected into the epidural space? When was it first used in an epidural infusion for pain relief during labour?
1979
1980
Since 199, what has happened to the amount of prescription opiods sold in the US? What does this correspond with?
it has almost quadrupled
a corresponding dramatic increase in deaths from opiate overdoses.
When was cocaine first discovered? by who? Where?
In 1860s, cocaine, one of the naturally occurring local anesthetic, was first discovered by Albert Niemann in Germany.
Who were the first people to notice cocaine’s anesthetic affect?
Freud and his colleague, Karl Kollar, first noticed cocaine’s anesthetic effect.
How many years after the introduction and subsequent mass use of opioids for epidural pain relief during childbirth, did the trend of opioid perscriptions and death start in the US?
20 years
What is an opioid?
An opioid is any substance that acts on the opioid receptors of the body. These are opium-like substances that bind to one or more of the different types of opioid receptors of the body. Opioids can be naturally occurring or synthetic.
What followed the development of Procaine? In what year? What was it used for?
lidocaine in 1943, which was widely used during World War II.
Who first introduced the injection of cocaine into a sensory nerve for surgical anesthesia? When?
Dr. William Stewart Halsted was the first who introduced the injection of cocaine into a sensory nerve for surgical anesthesia in 1884
When was cocaine first clinically used? Why? By who?
Cocaine was clinically used for the first time in 1884 by Sigmund Freud who used it on a patient with morphine addiction.
What is procaine? When was it developed?
Procaine is the first synthetic derivation of cocaine that was developed in 1904
What is a narcotic?
Narcotic is defined as “any psychoactive compound with sleep inducing properties” and is a central nervous system depressant.
How quick is the onset of cocaine and how is it administered?
Cocaine has very rapid onset and has many different ways of administration.
What is cocaine considered in the UK? How does this differ from what cocaine is considered in the US?
In the UK, cocaine is considered a Class A drug and is illegal to buy, sell, or possess under any circumstances. In the US, cocaine is a Schedule II drug and is highly controlled but can be used as a local anesthetic in certain medical procedures.
Who is albert neimann?
Albert Niemann was a graduate student at Göttingen University in Germany.
In what year did albert neimann isolate cocaine? From what?
1859 from coca leaves
What did albert neimann say was cocaine’s solutions (characteristics)?
a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva, and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue
What was the beginning of coca leaf usage? how is it used? Why? Is it still used?
The coca leaf has been chewed and brewed traditionally for centuries among indigenous people in the Andean region.
hen chewed, coca acts as a mild stimulant and suppresses hunger, thirst, pain, and fatigue. Coca chewing and drinking of coca tea is carried out daily by millions of people in the Andes and is considered sacred within indigenous cultures.
