READING Flashcards
What is the I before E rule?
I before E except after C when making the ‘ee’ sound.
Example: ‘receive’.
What happens to the final E when adding vowel suffixes like -ing or -ed?
Drop the final E (e.g., ‘make’ → ‘making’).
Exceptions: Keep the E with -able or -ous.
What is the Double Consonant Rule?
For 1 syllable words ending in 1 vowel + 1 consonant, double the consonant before adding a suffix (e.g., ‘run’ → ‘running’).
Exceptions: Do not double if the word ends in h, x, or y.
What is the Y to I Rule?
Change Y to I when adding suffixes.
except:
Example: ‘happy’ → ‘happier’. Exceptions: Keep Y if the suffix is -ing (e.g., ‘cry’ → ‘crying’).
How do you pluralize most nouns?
Add s (e.g., ‘book’ → ‘books’).
What is the rule for pluralizing nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, sh, or ss?
Add es (e.g., ‘box’ → ‘boxes’).
What is the rule for pluralizing nouns ending in f or fe?
Change to ves (e.g., ‘leaf’ → ‘leaves’).
What is the rule for pluralizing nouns ending in o?
Add s if a vowel comes before (e.g., ‘studio’ → ‘studios’); add es if a consonant comes before (e.g., ‘potato’ → ‘potatoes’).
How do you pluralize nouns ending in y?
Change to ies if preceded by a consonant (e.g., ‘baby’ → ‘babies’); add s if preceded by a vowel (e.g., ‘key’ → ‘keys’).
Define homophones.
Same sound, different meanings (e.g., ‘flower’ vs. ‘flour’).
Define homographs.
Same spelling, different sound/meaning (e.g., ‘lead’ as metal vs. ‘lead’ as guide).
Define homonyms.
Same spelling & sound, different meanings (e.g., ‘bat’ as animal or sports equipment).
What punctuation mark ends declarative sentences?
Periods.
What punctuation mark ends interrogative sentences?
Question Marks.
What punctuation mark is used for strong emotion or urgency?
Exclamation Marks.
When do you use commas?
In lists of 3+ items and to separate independent clauses joined by FANBOYS.
interruptions
between adjectives
What is the purpose of semicolons?
Join closely related independent clauses.
When are colons used?
To introduce a list or elaborate.
What do hyphens do?
Join compound adjectives before a noun and write compound numbers.
What is a noun?
Person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., ‘dog’).
What is a verb?
Action or state (e.g., ‘run’).
What is an adjective?
Describes a noun (e.g., ‘red apple’).
What is an adverb?
Describes a verb, adjective, or adverb (e.g., ‘run quickly’).
What is a pronoun?
Replaces a noun (e.g., ‘he, she’).
What is an interjection?
Expresses strong emotion (e.g., ‘Wow!’).
What is a conjunction?
Connects clauses (e.g., ‘and, but’).
What is a preposition?
Shows location, time, or direction (e.g., ‘in, on, during’).
What is a simple sentence?
1 independent clause (e.g., ‘She smiled’).
What is a compound sentence?
2+ independent clauses joined by a conjunction.
What is a complex sentence?
1 independent + 1 dependent clause.
Define independent clause.
Complete thought (e.g., ‘He danced’).
Define dependent clause.
Needs more info (e.g., ‘When he danced’).
What is the past tense of a verb?
Indicates actions that have already happened.
What is the present tense of a verb?
Indicates actions happening now.
What is the future tense of a verb?
Indicates actions that will happen.
What is narrative writing?
Storytelling with characters, setting, conflict, climax, resolution.
What is the difference between formal and informal language?
Match tone to audience.
What is the structure of a paragraph?
Topic sentence, supporting details, summary.
What is the format for in-text citations?
(Name, Year, Page).
What should you do for direct quotes?
Use quotation marks.
How do you cite when there are 3+ authors?
Use et al. (e.g., ‘Smith et al., 2020’).
What do you use for citations with no date?
(n.d.).
