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CHEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between the number of protons and electrons in an atom?

A

Number of protons = Number of electrons (neutral charge)

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2
Q

What is the charge and mass of a proton?

A

Positive charge (+1), weight = 1 amu

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3
Q

What is the charge and mass of a neutron?

A

Neutral charge, weight = 1 amu

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4
Q

What is the charge and mass of an electron?

A

Negative charge (-1), weight = ~0.000549 amu (not considered in atomic mass)

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5
Q

What does atomic number represent?

A

Number of protons in an element

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6
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in an element

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7
Q

How do you calculate the number of neutrons?

A

Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number

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8
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Variants of the same chemical element with the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons

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9
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge

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10
Q

What is a cation?

A

Positively charged ion

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11
Q

What is an anion?

A

Negatively charged ion

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12
Q

What is the definition of electron shells?

A

Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific shells: K, L, M, N

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13
Q

What are the subshells in the K shell?

A

s subshell

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14
Q

What are the subshells in the L shell?

A

s, p subshells

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15
Q

What are the subshells in the M shell?

A

s, p, d subshells

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16
Q

What are the subshells in the N shell?

A

s, p, d, f subshells

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17
Q

What is the outer shell in relation to chemical bonding?

A

Only electrons in the outermost shell participate in chemical bonds

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18
Q

What is an orbital?

A

3D space where electrons in a given subshell can be found

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19
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms

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20
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Atoms prefer to have 8 electrons in their valence shell

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21
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing of electron pairs between atoms

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22
Q

Which elements are key in covalent bonding?

A
  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
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23
Q

What does a period in the periodic table indicate?

A

7 horizontal rows, indicating the number of electron shells

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24
Q

What does a group in the periodic table indicate?

A

Vertical columns (1–18), indicating the number of valence electrons

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25
Q

What are the states of matter?

A
  • Solid: Definite shape and volume
  • Liquid: Definite volume, indefinite shape
  • Gas: Indefinite shape and volume
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26
Q

What is mass?

A

Amount of matter in an object (grams, kilograms)

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27
Q

What is volume?

A

Space occupied by an object (liters, milliliters)

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28
Q

What is density?

A

Mass per unit volume (Density = Mass / Volume)

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29
Q

What is melting?

A

Solid to liquid

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30
Q

What is freezing?

A

Liquid to solid

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31
Q

What is condensation?

A

Gas to liquid

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32
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Liquid to gas

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33
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Solid to gas

34
Q

What is deposition?

A

Gas to solid

35
Q

What are reactants?

A

Substances present at the start of a reaction

36
Q

What are products?

A

Substances formed as a result of the reaction

37
Q

What does balancing a chemical equation involve?

A

Equal number of atoms for each element on both sides

38
Q

What is synthesis in chemical reactions?

A

Two or more substances combine to form one product

39
Q

What is decomposition in chemical reactions?

A

Single substance breaks down into simpler substances

40
Q

What is single displacement?

A

One element replaces another (A + BC → AC + B)

41
Q

What is double displacement?

A

Two compounds swap elements (AB + CD → AD + CB)

42
Q

What is combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen, producing heat, light, CO₂, and H₂O

43
Q

What is a mole?

A

6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro’s Number)

44
Q

What is the formula for calculating grams per mole?

A

Number of elements × Atomic Mass = g/mol

45
Q

What is the collision theory?

A

Particles must collide with sufficient energy to react

46
Q

How does temperature affect chemical reactions?

A

Higher temperature = faster reactions

47
Q

How does concentration and pressure affect reactions?

A

Higher concentration/pressure = more frequent collisions

48
Q

How does surface area affect reaction speed?

A

Greater surface area = faster reaction

49
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Speeds up reactions (e.g., enzymes)

50
Q

What is equilibrium in chemical reactions?

A

Occurs when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction in a closed system

51
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

Both the forward and reverse reactions stop (rate = 0)

52
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

The forward and reverse reactions occur simultaneously and continuously

53
Q

What is an example of dynamic equilibrium?

A

Carbon Dioxide in a Solution: Rate of CO₂ escaping equals the rate dissolving back

54
Q

What is adhesion in relation to water?

A

Attraction between different molecules

55
Q

What is cohesion in relation to water?

A

Attraction between similar molecules

56
Q

What is a solution?

A

Homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent

57
Q

What is a solute?

A

Substance dissolved (e.g., sugar)

58
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Substance that dissolves solute (e.g., water)

59
Q

What is water’s role as a universal solvent?

A

Water is capable of dissolving more substances than any other liquid

60
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water potential

61
Q

What is hypertonic in terms of tonicity?

A

Higher solute concentration

62
Q

What is hypotonic in terms of tonicity?

A

Lower solute concentration

63
Q

What is isotonic in terms of tonicity?

A

Equal solute and water concentration

64
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Net movement of particles from high to low concentration

65
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Uses protein channels for larger particles

66
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement from low to high concentration using ATP

67
Q

What is the pH of an acid?

A

pH < 7; increases H⁺ concentration

68
Q

What is the pH of a base?

A

pH > 7; decreases H⁺ concentration

69
Q

What is the pH of a neutral substance?

A

pH = 7 (e.g., pure water)

70
Q

What does litmus paper indicate?

A

Red turns blue (alkaline), Blue turns red (acidic)

71
Q

What does a pH probe do?

A

Measures pH more accurately

72
Q

Fill in the blank: Neutrons = _______

A

Mass Number - Atomic Number

73
Q

Fill in the blank: Density = _______

A

Mass / Volume

74
Q

Fill in the blank: g/mol = _______

A

Number of Elements × Atomic Mass = g/mol

75
Q

What is the synthesis reaction formula?

A

A + B → AB

76
Q

What is the decomposition reaction formula?

A

AB → A + B

77
Q

What is the single displacement reaction formula?

A

A + BC → AC + B

78
Q

What is the double displacement reaction formula?

A

AB + CD → AD + CB

79
Q

What is the combustion reaction formula?

A

Hydrocarbon + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

80
Q

What are the key notes on reactants?

A

Substances present at the start of a reaction

81
Q

What are the key notes on products?

A

Substances formed as a result of the reaction

82
Q

What are the key notes on balancing equations?

A

Equal number of atoms for each element on both sides of the equation

teas (10 decks)

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