extra sciences Flashcards
What is the function of regulatory genes?
Turn on and off other genes
What effect does aldosterone have in the kidneys?
Resorption of sodium
excretion of potassium
What is the role of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?
Reabsorbs water back into body
What does norepinephrine do?
Works on blood vessels and dilates airways
What is the process of filtration in the kidneys?
Substances from blood to renal tubule
What happens to urine concentration if the loop of Henle is non-operable?
Decreases
What drives the filtration process in the glomeruli of the kidney?
Hydrostatic (Blood) Pressure
What is hydronephrosis?
Fluid in kidneys causing swelling due to obstruction in ureter
What is the role of tubular secretion in the kidneys?
Maintain pH balance
What does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do?
Decreases blood pressure and volume
What occurs in kidneys when blood volume decreases?
Increased secretion of renin
What is the function of the spleen?
Filters blood and removes old RBC
What type of cells are plasma cells?
B lymphocytes involved in antibody production
What is the function of the thymus?
Matures T lymphocytes
What do natural killer cells do?
Detect and destroy abnormal cells
What is the role of interferons?
Inhibit virus replication and activate immune cells
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
How does the lymphatic system work with the cardiovascular system?
Returns excess tissue fluid from the bloodstream
What role do macrophages play in the immune system?
Present antigens to T cells
What causes liquids to form droplets?
Surface tension due to cohesion
What is an exothermic process?
Deposition
What is an endothermic process?
Absorbs heat
What happens during condensation? energy wise
Energy is released into the environment
What are sterols (cholesterol) used for in cell membranes?
Stabilize membrane fluidity across temperature variations
What is the function of glycoproteins?
receptors for signaling molecules
What does the SA node do?
Initiates electrical impulses
What is the role of the AV node?
Relays signals
What does the Bundle of His do?
Transmits signals between atria and ventricles
What do Purkinje fibers do?
Distribute electrical signals to the ventricles
What causes the ‘Lub’ sound in the heart?
Closing of AV (Tricuspid and Mitral) valves during contraction
What causes the ‘Dub’ sound in the heart?
Closing of SL (Aortic and Pulmonic) valves during relaxation
What part of the heart causes contraction?
Myocardium
