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Clinical Pathology > RBC Morphology > Flashcards

RBC Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 things to assess for RBC morphology?

A 
Size
Colour
Shape
Inclusions
Arrangement
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2
Q

What does a macrocytic anemia mean?

A

Regeneration

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3
Q

What does a microcytic anemia mean?

A

Fe deficiency anemia

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4
Q

What is polychromasia?

A

Young cells aka regenerative anemia

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5
Q

What does hypochromasia mean?

A

less hemoglobin

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6
Q

What are the main 3 important erythrocyte shapes?

A

Spiculated
Fragmented
Spherocytes

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7
Q

What are 3 types of spiculated RBC?

A

Acanthocytes
Echinocytes
Keratocytes

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8
Q

What are 3 in vivo causes of spiculated RBCs?

A

Electrolyte imbalances
Non-specific diseases
Rattlesnake envenomation

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9
Q

How can you tell if the spiculation is in vivo?

A

Will see uniform changes on the film.

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10
Q

What is an in vitro cause of spiculated RBCs?

A

Crenation fro slow drying

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11
Q

T/F: In rattlesnake envenomation, spicules go away before the central zone of palor returns.

A

True

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12
Q

What does an acanthocyte look like?

A

Unevenly distributed projectinos.

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13
Q

What causes acanthocyte formation?

A

Liver disease in humans
Hepatic lipidosis in cats
Hemangiosarcoma in dogs

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14
Q

What is a schistocyte?

A

RBC fragment

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15
Q

What causes schitocytes?

A 
Intravascular trauma (eg. DIC)
Iron deficiency anemia
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16
Q

What is a keratocyte?

A

One or two long spicules, broken open blister cell.

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17
Q

In what species do you not often see hypochromasia in?

A

Cats

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18
Q

What does the presence of spherocytes suggest?

A

IMHA

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19
Q

T/F: The volume in spherocytes is less than in normal RBCs.

A

False, the volume is the same.

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20
Q

What is pretty much the only species where you can see spherocytes?

A

Canine, other species RBCs are too small to have a proper ZCP.

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21
Q

What is an eccentrocyte?

A

All the hemoglobin moves to one side putting the ZCP off to the side.

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22
Q

What is the cause of am eccentrocyte?

A

Oxidative damage (eg. Ingestion of onions)

23
Q

What are eccentrocytes commonly seen in conjunction with?

A

Heinz body formation.

24
Q

What 3 cell types are of little diagnostic significance?

A

Target cells
Bowl cells
Folded cells

25
Q

What is a stomatocyte?

A

RBC with a mouth-shaped ZCP.

26
Q

Are stomatocytes significant?

A

No.

27
Q

What 3 breeds have hereditary stomatocytosis?

A

Alaskan malamutes
Miniature schnauzers
Drentse partrijshond

28
Q

What 5 structures do you see in or on RBCs?

A 
Heinz bodies
Basophilic stipling
Nucleated RBCs and Howel Jolly bodies
Parasites
Viral inclusions (canine distemper)
29
Q

What causes Heinz body formation?

A

Oxidative denaturation of hemoglobin.

30
Q

What are 3 causes of Heinz bodies in cats?

A

Acetaminophen**
Propylene glycol
Illness

31
Q

What are 3 diseases in cats that cause Heinz bodies?

A

Lymphoma
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes

32
Q

What is a cause of Heinz bodies in all species?

A

Onions and garlic powder

33
Q

What is a cause of Heinz bodies in dogs?

A

Cephalosporins

34
Q

T/F: Penny ingestion causes Heinz bodies.

A

True, zinc toxicosis

35
Q

What are 2 causes of Heinz bodies in horses?

A

Phenothiazines

WILTED red maple leaves

36
Q

What are 2 causes of Heinz bodies in cows?

A

Kale

Onions

37
Q

What is a cause of Heinz bodies in sheep?

A

Copper toxicosis

38
Q

What causes basophilic stippling?

A

Abnormal aggregation of ribosomes appearing as small basophilic granules

39
Q

What species is basophilic stippling normal in?

A

Ruminants

40
Q

What should you consider if you see a significant amount of basophilic stippling in small animals?

A

Lead poisoning

41
Q

When are nucleated RBCs normally seen?

A

Regenerative anemias
Non-functioning spleens/splenectomy
Increased corticosteroid

42
Q

What should be considdered if the number of nucleated RBCs is out of proportions to the degree of anemia?

A

Lead poisoning

43
Q

Do you include the nucleated RBCs in your cell differential?

A

Yes.

44
Q

What should you start worrying about if you see anything earlier than a rubriblast in circulation?

A

Red cell leukemia.

45
Q

What are the 4 major RBC parasites?

A

Mycoplasma haemofelis
Cytauxzoon felis
Mycoplasma haemocanis
Babesia canis & gibsoni

46
Q

Where on Earth do you find Mycoplasma haemofelis?

A

Everywhere

47
Q

Where on Earth do you find Cytauxzoon felis?

A

More widespread in the US.

48
Q

How common is Mycoplasma haemocanis?

A

VERY rare, often see in a non-functioning spleen or splenectomized patient.

49
Q

What species has normal rouleaux formation?

A

Horses

50
Q

What does rouleaux suggest in small animals?

A

Increased globulin

51
Q

What causes agglutination?

A

IgM (IgG isn’t strong enough)

52
Q

What does agglutination suggest?

A

Ab attachment to RBCs (IMHA)

53
Q

How can you differentiate rouleaux from agglutination?

A

Isotonic saline test, rouleaux will disperse, agglutination will not.

Clinical Pathology (9 decks)

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