Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Pathology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

0
Q

What is a Mean Cell Volume (MCV)?

A

Measures number and size of RBCs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are 10 direct measurements in a CBC?

A

PCV, hemoglobin, red cell count, mean cell volume, white cell count, plasma protein, platelet count, mean platelet volume, retoculocyte count, reticulocyte MCV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can a small retic MCV mean?

A

Small reticulocyte cell volume can mean that you have an iron deficiency anemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What procedures do we do microscopically for the CBC?

A

WBC differential, cell morphology, retic count (if anemic).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do we do a differential?

A

Because electronic counters can’t distinguish nucleated cells or bands from segmented neuts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a red top tube for?

A

Serum sample, for biochem panels because no additives in tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the purple top tube for?

A

CBC because it has potassium-EDTA to prevent clotting and preserves cell morphology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What must you be cautions with when using red and purple top tubes together?

A

Be careful that you don’t contaminate the red top sample with EDTA from the purple top. Will give abnormally high potassium, and very low calcium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the green top tube for?

A

Specific tests because it contains heparin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hat is the blue top tube for?

A

For coagulations tests because it contains citrate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the grey top tube for?

A

Good for if sample can’t be spun or looked at right away, especially where glucose is important. It contains fluoride to inhibit glucose metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the tiger-top tube for?

A

Serum separator tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How much blood does a CBC and biochem profile require?

A

5 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is important to avoid with venipuncture?

A

Tissue contamination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you handle blood for a CBC?

A

Analyze within one hour or make a blood film and refrigerate sample.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens if blood sits for 24+ hours at room temp?

A

RBCs swell resulting in elevated MCV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you handle blood for a biochem profile?

A

Let sot for 15-30 minutes, centrifuge, separate serum and refrigerate until analysis. Freeze serum if can’t analyze within 2 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does it mean to have yellow plasma?

A

If small animal, icterus. If large animal, can be due to carotene pigments associated with diet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does it mean to have white, milky serum?

A

Lipemia, likely due to postprandial collection OR can be from abnormalities in lipid metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does red serum mean?

A

Hemolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can you get hemolysis?

A

In-vitro due to technique or presence of lipemia.

In-vivo due to hemolytic anemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can you tell if hemolysis is in-vivo or in-vitro?

A

If PCV is low, likely in-vivo. If PCV doesn’t decrease, likely in-vitro.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is plasma protein by refractometry an exact number?

A

No, it’s an estimate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What will you see with plasma protein values in a lipemic sample?

A

Plasma protein will be artificially increased.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What values will artificially increase the plasma protein?
Urea, glucose, cholesterol and lipemia.
26
What should you do to follow up the plasma protein value obtained from the refractometer?
A biochemical measurement of albumin and globulin in serum. These two values should add up to total protein.
27
T/F: Increased albumin is not always due to dehydration.
False. Increased albumin is always due to dehydration.
28
What is suggested if total protein and the PCV are both elevated?
Suggests dehydration.
29
What is suggested if total protein and PCV are both decreased?
Suggests blood loss.
30
What 2 things are a blood smear essential for?
Differential cell count | Evaluating morphology of WBCs, RBCs and platelets.
31
What 5 things are required for a successful blood smear.
``` Quality of the smear In the right counting zone Recognition of morphologic abnormalities Recognition of artifacts Ability to interpret diagnostic significance. ```
32
How to you convert % of WBCs to absolute numbers?
Multiply the total nucleated cell concentration by the percentage of each WBCs type.
33
How do you evaluate platelets?
Should have 6-10/oif, check feathered edge for clumps, check size relative to RBCs (if they approach RBC size, they are called macroplatelets.
34
What are the 6 counting and sizing techniques done with a machine?
``` RBC Count (x 10^6/uL) MCV (fL) Nucleated cell count (uL) Differential cell count (uL) Platelet count (uL) Reticulocyte count (uL, fL) ```
35
What automated measurement is done using spectrophotometry?
Hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) *Usually approx. 1/3 of the PCV
36
What factors can affect the hemoglobin concentration?
Intravascular hemolysis, lipemia, Heinz bodies
37
How do you calculate the hematocrit?
(MCV x RBC)/10 = Hematocrit
38
How do you calculate MCHC?
(Hgb (g/dL) x 100)/PCV = MCHC (g/dL)
39
Is the MCHC helpful?
Not particularly diagnostic. An increase tells you there's a glitch somewhere because red cells can only hold so much hemoglobin.
40
What can cause an increased MCHC?
High readings caused by hemolysis, lipemia or presence of Heinz bodies.
41
What can cause a decreased MCHC?
May be due to iron deficiency, or due to presence of many reticulocytes.
42
What is a decreased MCHC usually associated with?
Regenerative anemia.
43
What is light scatter measurement?
Cells pass through a laser beam and the physical properties of the cells scatter the light to tell you the cell type.
44
What is impedence measurement?
Cells are suspended in an electrolyte medium that conducts electricity. Cells are poor conductors and deflections in current are proportional to the cell size.
45
What is a size distribution curve?
A curve for each cell type of each species that shows the number of cells above average, average and below average.
46
What is the normal size of dog RBCs?
60-72fL
47
What is the normal size of cat, horse and cow RBCs?
39-52fL
48
What is the normal size of sheep?
25-35fL
49
What is the normal size of llama RBCs?
21-29fL
50
What is special about camelid RBCs?
Higher MCHC and they're oval.
51
What is the normal size of goat RBCs?
15-25fL
52
What is the normal size of human RBCs?
80-100fL
53
From largest to smallest, rank the domestic species by RBC size.
Dog > cat=horse=cow > sheep > llama > goat
54
What can cause RBCs to agglutinate?
Igs attached to the cell wall of RBCs will cause them to clump.
55
What is the red cell distribution width (RDW)?
Describes the relative width of the size distribution curve.
56
How do you calculate the RDW?
Standard deviations of most of the RBCs divided by the MCV.
57
How can reticulocyte concentrations be determined?
Flow technology or manually.
58
What do reticulocytes look like with Wright's stain?
Polychromatics
59
What do certain stains to do the reticulocytes?
Cause the residual organelles to clump and be seen.
60
How do you count reticulocytes?
Count 1000 RBCs, percentage that are reticulocytes is multiplied by the RBC count to get an absolute retic count.
61
What are normal reticulocyte counts for dogs, cats, cows and horses?
Dogs: 0-60000/uL Cats: 0-40000/uL Cows: 0, but can respond Horses: DO NOT RELEASE RETICULOCYTES
62
Above what number can we say that the cells are regenerating?
60000
63
How long do dog reticulocytes take to mature?
24-48 hours from release to maturation
64
How long do cat reticulocytes take to mature?
Trickier... Aggregates become punctate (which are not counted) Aggregate - punctate in ~12 hours Punctates persist for ~12 days
65
What is a leukogram?
Numeric data + morphologic abnormalities.
66
What species has nucleoli in their normal lymphocytes?
Cows.
67
What suffix is given for reduced concentration?
"-penia"
68
What suffix(s) is/are given for increased concentration?
"-philia" or "-cytosis"
69
What is a "left shift"?
Increased concentration of bands
70
What does disorderly maturation tell you?
Consumption is severe or a neoplastic process is present.
71
What are the three toxic changes of leukocytes?
Increased basophilia Dohle bodies Cytoplasmic vacuolation
72
How significant is hypersegmentation?
Not very.
73
What is neutrophil degeneration?
Cytoplasmic vacuolation, nuclear swelling and cell lysis in neuts that are no longer in circulation.
74
List 4 inherited neutrophil anomalies.
Pelger-Huet Anomaly Birman cat neutrophil granulation anomaly Chediak-Higashi Syndrome Lysosomal storage disorders with neutrophil granulation
75
What is a Pelger-Huet anomaly?
Failure of the neutrophil nucleus to segment. Can be mistaken for bands, but eos also fail to segment. NOTE: It's a heterozygous gene, homozygous die in utero.
76
What must you distinguish Pelger-Huet from (d/t granules in the lymphocytes)?
Lysosomal storage disease
77
What is Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Lysosomes fuse and look like large pink granules.
78
What does Chediak-Higashi cause with the coat?
Melanin granules also fuse and give the coat a grey colour.
79
What happens to the neutrophils in Chediak-Higashi?
They don't function normally and don't phagocytize or kill bacteria as effectively.
80
What happens to platelets in Chediak-Higashi?
Granules can be abnormal and animal may have a tendency to bleed.
81
What causes acquired lymphocyte vacuolation?
Plant toxin swainsonine (locoweed), inhibits lysosomal enzymes = acquired lysosomal storage disease.
82
What do you commonly see in ruminants that have inflammation and why?
Neutropenia because they don't have a large pool of neuts in bone marrow reserve.
83
What species needs a huge inflammatory focus to cause a neutropenia?
Horses
84
What in cats will cause a very high neutrophil count?
Walled-off abscesses.
85
What does an excitement leukogram look like?
Lymphosytosis, can also see two-fold leukocyte concentrations.
86
What does a stress leukogram look like?
Lymphopenia, neutrophilia, eosinopenia
87
What 3 leukograms will have a neutrophilia?
Inflammation Excitement Stress
88
What should you see on a CBC with inflammation?
Left shift or neutrophilia 2x greater than the upper limit
89
What 2 diseases should be on your differential with a lymphocytosis?
Ehrlichia Lymphoid leukemia NOTE: Not all dogs with ehrlichia have a lymphocytosis.
90
Over what number of lymphocytes is it pretty safe to say you have a leukemia?
35 000
91
What are 3 causes for a neutropenia?
Consumption Immune mediated destruction Lack of production
92
What is the lifespan of a neutrophil?
6-8hrs
93
What causes a reversible bone marrow injury?
Viral injury
94
What causes an irreversible bone marrow injury?
FeLV
95
What are 3 causes for a lymphopenia?
Steroid response Acute viral infectinos Immunodeficiency (RARE)
96
What are 2 causes for a monocytosis?
Inflammation | Stress response
97
What are 3 causes for an eosinophilia?
Parasitism Hypersensitivity Lesions producing eosinophil attractants (eg. Mast cell tumor)
98
What doesn't normally cause an eosinophilia?
RBC parasites
99
What causes a basophilia?
Usually accompanies an eosinophilia

Clinical Pathology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions