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Clinical Chemistry Review > RATIO > Flashcards

RATIO Flashcards

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1
Q

12
9
6
3
2
1

A

Tera
Giga
Mega
kilo
hecto
deca

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2
Q

-1
-2
-3
-6
-9
-12

A

deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico

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3
Q

10
-10

15
-15

A

Exa
Atto

Peta
Femto

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4
Q

Base units

A

Meter
Liter
Gram

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5
Q

• Celsius to Fahrenheit

A

°C (9/5) + 32

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6
Q

• Fahrenheit to Celsius

A

(°F - 32) 5/9

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7
Q

• Celsius to Kelvin

• Kelvin to Celsius

A

Add 273.15 to the Kelvin temperature.

Subtract 273.15 from the Celsius temperature.

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8
Q

Length
Mass
Time
Electric Current
Thermodynamic Temperature
Amount of Substance
Luminous Intensity
Catalytic Activity

A

Meter (m)

Kilogram (kg)

Second (s)

Ampere (A)

Kelvin (K)

Mole (mol)

Candela (cd)

Katal (kat)

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9
Q

Concentration formula

A

C1V1=C2V2

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10
Q

Additional purification steps; highly specialized (molecular diagnostic, AAS, HPLC)

A

Ultrapure

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11
Q

Suitable for most lab procedures

A

Analytical

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12
Q

Drugs; not injurious to health

A

USP/NF

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13
Q

Purity is not stated

A

Chemically pure/Pure grade

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14
Q

• Procedures requiring maximum water purity

A

Type I Water

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15
Q

• For most laboratory determinations

A

Type Il Water

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16
Q

• For most qualitative measurements or examinations

A

Туре III Water

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17
Q

Percent solution

A

Solute/Solution

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18
Q

Manufacturing industries; not used in the lab

A

Technical/Commercial

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19
Q

Ultrachemical analyses, nanogram or subnanogram measurements, tissue and cell culture, and reconstitution of standard (callibrator) solution preparation

A

Type I

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20
Q

Quantitative analyses (CC, hema, micro, IS)

A

Type II

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21
Q

Qualitative measurements and washing of glasswares

A

Type III

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22
Q

Urinalysis, fecalysis, histology

A

Type III

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23
Q

Most common expression of percent solution

A

Weight per volume

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24
Q
  • Other Name: Swinging-Bucket Centrifuge
A

Horizontal-Head Centrifuge

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25
Q
  • Tubes are in vertical position when not in motion (at rest)
A

Horizontal-Head Centrifuge

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26
Q

Tubes are in horizontal position when in motion (rotating)

A

Horizontal-Head Centrifuge

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27
Q
  • Other Names: Fixed Angle Centrifuge,
    Desk/Bench Type Centrifuge
A

Angle-Head Centrifuge

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28
Q
  • Tubes are maintained at an angle of 25° to 40° or 52°
A

Angle-Head Centrifuge

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29
Q
  • Other Name: Refrigerated Box
A

Ultracentrifuge

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30
Q
  • Provides the highest speed
A

Ultracentrifuge

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31
Q
  • Other Name: Cytospin
A

Cytocentrifuge

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32
Q
  • Used to prepare a monolayer of cells on glass slides
A

Cytocentrifuge

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33
Q

reference method for lipoprotein analysis

A

Ultracentrifuge

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34
Q

Disinfection

A

10% bleach or Vinegar

Weekly

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35
Q

Unusual vibrations, braking mechanisms & timer

A

Stopwatch

Monthly

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36
Q

Calibration

A

Tachometer or strobe light

Quarterly or every three months

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37
Q

• specimen is aspirated through the sample probe into a continuous reagent stream

A

Continuous Flow Analyzers

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38
Q

• allows batch analysis: specimens are separated by air bubbles

Primary source of error: carry over (wash)

A

Continuous Flow Analyzers

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39
Q

• uses a “spinning rotor” to generate centrifugal force to transfer & contain liquids in separate cuvettes for analysis

A

Centrifugal Analyzers

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40
Q

• each sample and corresponding reagent is handled separately in its respective reaction vessel

A

Discrete Analyzers

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41
Q

• runs multiple tests on one sample or one test on multiple samples

A

Discrete Analyzers

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42
Q

• performs random access, batch and sequential analysis

A

Discrete Analyzers

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43
Q

• performs random access (stat), batch and sequential analysis

A

Discrete Analyzers

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44
Q

Usually available; most versatile and user friendly; not wasteful of reagents

A

Discrete Analyzers

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45
Q

Properties of Light

A

Wavelength (nanometer)
Energy

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46
Q

long wavelength:
short wavelength:

A

low energy

high energy

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47
Q

below 400 nm->
Higher energy (lower wavelength)

400-700 nm

above 700 nm ->
Lower energy (higher wavelength)

A

UV
Visible
IR

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48
Q

: highest energy
: lowest energy

A

Violet

Red

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49
Q

To provide a continuous stream of polychromatic light

A

Light source

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50
Q

Prevent stray light

A

Entrance slit

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51
Q

Disperses light and selects specific wavelength of light

A

Monochromator or wavelength selector

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52
Q

Controls bandpass or wave of light beam

Monochromatic light passes

A

Exit slit

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53
Q

Contains the analyte to be measured

Square: preferred

A

Cuvette or sample holder

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54
Q

Detects and converts light into a corresponding electrical energy

A

Photodetector

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55
Q

Measures magnitude of electrical energy

Not an internal component

Flashes in the screen; measures output or absorbance

A

Meter or read-out device

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56
Q

Measures transmittance

A

Spectrophotometer

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57
Q

• measures light emitted by the analyte after excitation

A

Fluorometry

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58
Q

a. Internal Components

A
  • Light Source
  • Primary Monochromator
  • Sample Holder
  • Secondary Monochromator
  • Detector
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59
Q

• receives radiant energy from the light source

A
  • Primary Monochromator
60
Q

• increases the energy level
• transmits the excitation light

A
  • Primary Monochromator
61
Q

receives the emitted light from the analyte

A
  • Secondary Monochromator
62
Q

• presence of molecules that absorbs or steals the fluorescence of the analyte

A
  • Quenching
63
Q

Excitation filter

Emission filter

A

Primary monochromator

Secondary monochromator

64
Q

Contains two monochromator

A

Fluorometer (or spetro)

65
Q

causes energy to dissipate as heat instead of fluorescence

A

increase in temperature

66
Q

Emitted light from the analyte

A

Fluorescent light

67
Q

Falsely decreased fluorescence

A

Quenching
Temperature

68
Q

• Light Source: LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

A

Nephelometry

69
Q

measures light scattered by particles

A

Nephelometry

70
Q

detector is at a 90° or 30° (15° to 90º) angle from the incident light

A

Nephelometry

71
Q

• measures light blocked by particles

A

Turbidimetry

72
Q

• partidles in the solution cause a decrease in the transmitted light

A

Turbidimetry

73
Q

• detector is in line with the incident light

A

Turbidimetry

74
Q

: longer wavelength, lower energy

: shorter wavelength, high energy

A

Emitted light

Excited light

75
Q

PRECOLLECTION VARIABLÉS

A
  1. Physiologic Factors
  2. Common Interferences
76
Q
  1. Physiologic Factors
A

Diurnal Variation (ACTH, cortisol, Iron) Exercise
Diet (chronic alcohol abuse/alcoholism)
Stress
Posture (seated in a supine position for 15-20 minutes)
Age
Sex

77
Q
  1. Common Interferences
A

In Vivo: Smoking
In Vitro: Collection-Associated Variables (hemolysis, hemoconcentration)

78
Q

Posture: seated in a

A

supine position for 15-20 minutes

79
Q

Icteric

Albumin:

A

Albumin: 430 mmol/L or 25 mg/dL

Bilirubin: HABA
Cholesterol: ferric chloride
TP: biuret

80
Q

Lipemic

TG:

A

4.6 mmol/L or >400 mg/dL

AMS
UA
Urea
CK
Bilirubin
TP

81
Q

Albumin, TP, Globulin

A

10

82
Q

Na, K, Cl

A

1

83
Q

BUN

A

0.357

84
Q

UA

A

0.059

85
Q

Creatine

A

88.4

86
Q

Glucose

A

0.055

87
Q

Cholesterol

A

0.0259

88
Q

Triglycerides

A

0.011

89
Q

Thyroxine

A

12.87

90
Q

GOAL: To be able to provide high quality services at a low cost

A

Quality Management

91
Q

goes beyond monitoring, detecting and preventing errors

A

Quality Improvement

92
Q

• seeks to achieve new levels of performance in order to address chronic problems

A

Quality Improvement

93
Q

A. Approaches in Quality Improvement

A
  1. Lean
  2. Six Sigma
94
Q

system for reducing WASTES

A
  1. Lean
95
Q

reduce costs by identifying daily work activities that do not directly add to the delivery of laboratory services
in the most efficient way

A
  1. Lean
96
Q
  1. Lean Strategies/Techniques:
    • 5S:
    • PDCA:
A

Sort, Set in order, Shine, Standardize, and Sustain

Plan, Do, Check, and Act

97
Q

GOAL: Improvement by eliminating DEFECTS

A
  1. Six Sigma
98
Q

is anything that does not meet customer requirements

A

DEFECT

99
Q

Measured per million opportunities (DPMO: Defects Per Million Opportunities)

A

Six Sigma

100
Q

Six Sigma Strategy:

A

DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control)

101
Q

QUALITY MANAGEMENT 2 CONCEPTS

A

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
QUALITY ASSURANCE

102
Q

3 roles in major quality improvement projects

A

Black belts
Green belts
Blue belts
+ Purple belts

103
Q

BISHOP: Lean Six Sigma
: project team leaders: 100% of their time
: project team members: 20% of their time
: project sponsors (senior level and mid level sponsors)
: heads of smaller scale QI projects

A

Black belts

Green belts

Blue belts

Purple belts

104
Q

Major scale QI projects:

Small scale QI projects:

A

6-8 months

1 week

105
Q

NONVALUED ACTIVITIES

A

WASTES

106
Q

complete system of creating and following procedures and policies to aim for providing the most reliable patient laboratory results and to minimize errors in the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical phases

A

Quality Assurance

107
Q

Selection of assay relative to patient needs (test order by the physician)

A

Pre-analytical

108
Q

Total or overall testing process

A

Quality Assurance

109
Q

Selection of assay relative to patient needs (test order by the physician)

A

Pre-analytical

110
Q

Patient preparation (giving instructions, fasting requirements)

A

Pre-analytical

111
Q

Patient misidentification

A

Pre-analytical

112
Q

Specimen collection

A

Pre-analytical

113
Q

Specimen transport, preparation (centrifugation, plasma & serum prep) and storage

A

Pre-analytical

114
Q

Monitoring of specimen condition

A

Pre-analytical

115
Q

Assay validation and instrument selection (calibration)

A

Analytical

116
Q

Preparation of reagents or Reconstitution

A

Analytical

117
Q

Sample misidentification

A

Analytical

118
Q

Laboratory staff competence (seminars and trainings)

A

Analytical

119
Q

Preventive maintenance

A

Analytical

120
Q

External and internal quality control

A

Analytical

121
Q

Accuracy in transcription and filing of results

A

Post-analytical

122
Q

Verification/validation of test results (delta check)

A

Post-analytical

123
Q

Content and format of lab report, narrative report, reference interval and therapeutic range

A

Post-analytical

124
Q

Timeliness in communicating critical values, patient and physician satisfaction

A

Post-analytical

125
Q

Test interpretation by the physician

A

Post-analytical

126
Q

aspect of quality assurance that is used to assess the analytical phase of patient testing

A

Quality Control

127
Q

Intralab QC

A

Internal QC

128
Q

Interlab QC or Proficiency Testing

A

External QC

129
Q

Process of monitoring results from control samples to verify reliability of patient results

A

Internal QC

130
Q

Process that extends beyond the laboratory

A

External QC

131
Q

QC within the lab

A

Internal QC

132
Q

QC that is administered by another laboratory (NRL: CC - Lung Center of the Philippines)

A

External QC

133
Q

Control samples provided by the laboratory itself

A

Internal QC

134
Q

Blind/Unknown samples provided by another laboratory

A

External QC

135
Q

Compared to the reference values provided by the manufacturer

A

Internal QC

136
Q

Compared to the results of other laboratories

A

External QC

137
Q

Control values are plotted using Levey-Jennings (LJ) chart and evaluated using Westgard Multirules

A

Internal QC

138
Q

Results are evaluated using Z-score **Z-score is ‡ 2SD

A

External QC

139
Q

For daily monitoring of accuracy & precision (short-term monitoring)

A

Internal QC

140
Q

Significant in maintaining long-term accuracy & precision of the analytical method (monthly)

A

External QC

141
Q

how close are the obtained values to the TRUE VALUE

A

accuracy

142
Q

commonly known as the average of a set of values

• middle value, midpoint value

• most frequently occurring value in a data set

A
  1. Mean
  2. Median
  3. Mode
143
Q

B. Measuring Dispersion of Values

A
  1. Range
  2. Standard Deviation
  3. Variance
  4. Coefficient of Variation
144
Q

difference between the highest and lowest values in a given set of data

statistical expression of dispersion of values around the mean

relative indicator of precision

A
  1. Range
  2. Standard Deviation
  3. Coefficient of Variation
145
Q

• ideal CV is

A

<5%

Clinical Chemistry Review (15 decks)

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