RATIO Flashcards
1
Q
12
9
6
3
2
1
A
Tera
Giga
Mega
kilo
hecto
deca
2
Q
-1
-2
-3
-6
-9
-12
A
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
3
Q
10
-10
15
-15
A
Exa
Atto
Peta
Femto
4
Q
Base units
A
Meter
Liter
Gram
5
Q
• Celsius to Fahrenheit
A
°C (9/5) + 32
6
Q
• Fahrenheit to Celsius
A
(°F - 32) 5/9
7
Q
• Celsius to Kelvin
• Kelvin to Celsius
A
Add 273.15 to the Kelvin temperature.
Subtract 273.15 from the Celsius temperature.
8
Q
Length
Mass
Time
Electric Current
Thermodynamic Temperature
Amount of Substance
Luminous Intensity
Catalytic Activity
A
Meter (m)
Kilogram (kg)
Second (s)
Ampere (A)
Kelvin (K)
Mole (mol)
Candela (cd)
Katal (kat)
9
Q
Concentration formula
A
C1V1=C2V2
10
Q
Additional purification steps; highly specialized (molecular diagnostic, AAS, HPLC)
A
Ultrapure
11
Q
Suitable for most lab procedures
A
Analytical
12
Q
Drugs; not injurious to health
A
USP/NF
13
Q
Purity is not stated
A
Chemically pure/Pure grade
14
Q
• Procedures requiring maximum water purity
A
Type I Water
15
Q
• For most laboratory determinations
A
Type Il Water
16
Q
• For most qualitative measurements or examinations
A
Туре III Water
17
Q
Percent solution
A
Solute/Solution
18
Q
Manufacturing industries; not used in the lab
A
Technical/Commercial
19
Q
Ultrachemical analyses, nanogram or subnanogram measurements, tissue and cell culture, and reconstitution of standard (callibrator) solution preparation
A
Type I
20
Q
Quantitative analyses (CC, hema, micro, IS)
A
Type II
21
Q
Qualitative measurements and washing of glasswares
A
Type III
22
Q
Urinalysis, fecalysis, histology
A
Type III
23
Q
Most common expression of percent solution
A
Weight per volume
24
Q
- Other Name: Swinging-Bucket Centrifuge
A
Horizontal-Head Centrifuge
25
* Tubes are in vertical position when not in motion (at rest)
Horizontal-Head Centrifuge
26
Tubes are in horizontal position when in motion (rotating)
Horizontal-Head Centrifuge
27
* Other Names: Fixed Angle Centrifuge,
Desk/Bench Type Centrifuge
Angle-Head Centrifuge
28
* Tubes are maintained at an angle of 25° to 40° or 52°
Angle-Head Centrifuge
29
* Other Name: Refrigerated Box
Ultracentrifuge
30
* Provides the highest speed
Ultracentrifuge
31
* Other Name: Cytospin
Cytocentrifuge
32
* Used to prepare a monolayer of cells on glass slides
Cytocentrifuge
33
reference method for lipoprotein analysis
Ultracentrifuge
34
Disinfection
10% bleach or Vinegar
Weekly
35
Unusual vibrations, braking mechanisms & timer
Stopwatch
Monthly
36
Calibration
Tachometer or strobe light
Quarterly or every three months
37
• specimen is aspirated through the sample probe into a continuous reagent stream
Continuous Flow Analyzers
38
• allows batch analysis: specimens are separated by air bubbles
Primary source of error: carry over (wash)
Continuous Flow Analyzers
39
• uses a “spinning rotor” to generate centrifugal force to transfer & contain liquids in separate cuvettes for analysis
Centrifugal Analyzers
40
• each sample and corresponding reagent is handled separately in its respective reaction vessel
Discrete Analyzers
41
• runs multiple tests on one sample or one test on multiple samples
Discrete Analyzers
42
• performs random access, batch and sequential analysis
Discrete Analyzers
43
• performs random access (stat), batch and sequential analysis
Discrete Analyzers
44
Usually available; most versatile and user friendly; not wasteful of reagents
Discrete Analyzers
45
Properties of Light
Wavelength (nanometer)
Energy
46
long wavelength:
short wavelength:
low energy
high energy
47
below 400 nm->
Higher energy (lower wavelength)
400-700 nm
above 700 nm ->
Lower energy (higher wavelength)
UV
Visible
IR
48
: highest energy
: lowest energy
Violet
Red
49
To provide a continuous stream of polychromatic light
Light source
50
Prevent stray light
Entrance slit
51
Disperses light and selects specific wavelength of light
Monochromator or wavelength selector
52
Controls bandpass or wave of light beam
Monochromatic light passes
Exit slit
53
Contains the analyte to be measured
Square: preferred
Cuvette or sample holder
54
Detects and converts light into a corresponding electrical energy
Photodetector
55
Measures magnitude of electrical energy
Not an internal component
Flashes in the screen; measures output or absorbance
Meter or read-out device
56
Measures transmittance
Spectrophotometer
57
• measures light emitted by the analyte after excitation
Fluorometry
58
a. Internal Components
* Light Source
* Primary Monochromator
* Sample Holder
* Secondary Monochromator
* Detector
59
• receives radiant energy from the light source
* Primary Monochromator
60
• increases the energy level
• transmits the excitation light
* Primary Monochromator
61
receives the emitted light from the analyte
* Secondary Monochromator
62
• presence of molecules that absorbs or steals the fluorescence of the analyte
* Quenching
63
Excitation filter
Emission filter
Primary monochromator
Secondary monochromator
64
Contains two monochromator
Fluorometer (or spetro)
65
causes energy to dissipate as heat instead of fluorescence
increase in temperature
66
Emitted light from the analyte
Fluorescent light
67
Falsely decreased fluorescence
Quenching
Temperature
68
• Light Source: LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
Nephelometry
69
measures light scattered by particles
Nephelometry
70
detector is at a 90° or 30° (15° to 90º) angle from the incident light
Nephelometry
71
• measures light blocked by particles
Turbidimetry
72
• partidles in the solution cause a decrease in the transmitted light
Turbidimetry
73
• detector is in line with the incident light
Turbidimetry
74
: longer wavelength, lower energy
: shorter wavelength, high energy
Emitted light
Excited light
75
PRECOLLECTION VARIABLÉS
1. Physiologic Factors
2. Common Interferences
76
1. Physiologic Factors
Diurnal Variation (ACTH, cortisol, Iron) Exercise
Diet (chronic alcohol abuse/alcoholism)
Stress
Posture (seated in a supine position for 15-20 minutes)
Age
Sex
77
2. Common Interferences
In Vivo: Smoking
In Vitro: Collection-Associated Variables (hemolysis, hemoconcentration)
78
Posture: seated in a
supine position for 15-20 minutes
79
Icteric
Albumin:
Albumin: 430 mmol/L or 25 mg/dL
Bilirubin: HABA
Cholesterol: ferric chloride
TP: biuret
80
Lipemic
TG:
4.6 mmol/L or >400 mg/dL
AMS
UA
Urea
CK
Bilirubin
TP
81
Albumin, TP, Globulin
10
82
Na, K, Cl
1
83
BUN
0.357
84
UA
0.059
85
Creatine
88.4
86
Glucose
0.055
87
Cholesterol
0.0259
88
Triglycerides
0.011
89
Thyroxine
12.87
90
GOAL: To be able to provide high quality services at a low cost
Quality Management
91
goes beyond monitoring, detecting and preventing errors
Quality Improvement
92
• seeks to achieve new levels of performance in order to address chronic problems
Quality Improvement
93
A. Approaches in Quality Improvement
1. Lean
2. Six Sigma
94
system for reducing WASTES
1. Lean
95
reduce costs by identifying daily work activities that do not directly add to the delivery of laboratory services
in the most efficient way
1. Lean
96
1. Lean Strategies/Techniques:
• 5S:
• PDCA:
Sort, Set in order, Shine, Standardize, and Sustain
Plan, Do, Check, and Act
97
GOAL: Improvement by eliminating DEFECTS
2. Six Sigma
98
is anything that does not meet customer requirements
DEFECT
99
Measured per million opportunities (DPMO: Defects Per Million Opportunities)
Six Sigma
100
Six Sigma Strategy:
DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control)
101
QUALITY MANAGEMENT 2 CONCEPTS
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
QUALITY ASSURANCE
102
3 roles in major quality improvement projects
Black belts
Green belts
Blue belts
+ Purple belts
103
BISHOP: Lean Six Sigma
: project team leaders: 100% of their time
: project team members: 20% of their time
: project sponsors (senior level and mid level sponsors)
: heads of smaller scale QI projects
Black belts
Green belts
Blue belts
Purple belts
104
Major scale QI projects:
Small scale QI projects:
6-8 months
1 week
105
NONVALUED ACTIVITIES
WASTES
106
complete system of creating and following procedures and policies to aim for providing the most reliable patient laboratory results and to minimize errors in the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical phases
Quality Assurance
107
Selection of assay relative to patient needs (test order by the physician)
Pre-analytical
108
Total or overall testing process
Quality Assurance
109
Selection of assay relative to patient needs (test order by the physician)
Pre-analytical
110
Patient preparation (giving instructions, fasting requirements)
Pre-analytical
111
Patient misidentification
Pre-analytical
112
Specimen collection
Pre-analytical
113
Specimen transport, preparation (centrifugation, plasma & serum prep) and storage
Pre-analytical
114
Monitoring of specimen condition
Pre-analytical
115
Assay validation and instrument selection (calibration)
Analytical
116
Preparation of reagents or Reconstitution
Analytical
117
Sample misidentification
Analytical
118
Laboratory staff competence (seminars and trainings)
Analytical
119
Preventive maintenance
Analytical
120
External and internal quality control
Analytical
121
Accuracy in transcription and filing of results
Post-analytical
122
Verification/validation of test results (delta check)
Post-analytical
123
Content and format of lab report, narrative report, reference interval and therapeutic range
Post-analytical
124
Timeliness in communicating critical values, patient and physician satisfaction
Post-analytical
125
Test interpretation by the physician
Post-analytical
126
aspect of quality assurance that is used to assess the analytical phase of patient testing
Quality Control
127
Intralab QC
Internal QC
128
Interlab QC or Proficiency Testing
External QC
129
Process of monitoring results from control samples to verify reliability of patient results
Internal QC
130
Process that extends beyond the laboratory
External QC
131
QC within the lab
Internal QC
132
QC that is administered by another laboratory (NRL: CC - Lung Center of the Philippines)
External QC
133
Control samples provided by the laboratory itself
Internal QC
134
Blind/Unknown samples provided by another laboratory
External QC
135
Compared to the reference values provided by the manufacturer
Internal QC
136
Compared to the results of other laboratories
External QC
137
Control values are plotted using Levey-Jennings (LJ) chart and evaluated using Westgard Multirules
Internal QC
138
Results are evaluated using Z-score **Z-score is ‡ 2SD
External QC
139
For daily monitoring of accuracy & precision (short-term monitoring)
Internal QC
140
Significant in maintaining long-term accuracy & precision of the analytical method (monthly)
External QC
141
how close are the obtained values to the TRUE VALUE
accuracy
142
commonly known as the average of a set of values
• middle value, midpoint value
• most frequently occurring value in a data set
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
143
B. Measuring Dispersion of Values
1. Range
2. Standard Deviation
3. Variance
4. Coefficient of Variation
144
difference between the highest and lowest values in a given set of data
statistical expression of dispersion of values around the mean
relative indicator of precision
1. Range
2. Standard Deviation
4. Coefficient of Variation
145
• ideal CV is
<5%
