Endocrinology

Question 1

Hormone → blood circulation → specific receptor

Answer 1

Endocrine

Question 2

Hormone → interstitial space → adjacent cell

Answer 2

Paracrine

Question 3

Hormone → self-regulation

Answer 3

Autocrine

Question 4

Hormone → direct cell-to-cell contact

Answer 4

Juxtacrine

Question 5

Hormone → gut

Answer 5

Exocrine

Question 6

Hormone → neurons → extracellular space

Answer 6

Neurocrine

Question 7

Hormone → neurons → nerve endings

Answer 7

Neuroendocrine

Question 8

Glycoproteins

Answer 8

FSH, hCG, TSH, LH

Question 9

Polypeptides

Answer 9

ACTH, ADH, GH, angiotensin, calcitonin, CCK, gastrin, glucagons, insulin, MSH, oxytocin, PTH, PRL, somatostatin

Question 10

Steroids Precursor:

Answer 10

cholesterol

Question 11

Steroids

Answer 11

Aldosterone, cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, vitamin D

Question 12

Derived from amino acids

Answer 12

Amines

Question 13

Catecholamines, T3, T4

Answer 13

Amines

Question 14

Connected to the posterior pituitary by the infundibulum stalk

Answer 14

Hypothalamus

Question 15

Hypophyseal hormones:

Answer 15

TRH, GnRH, GH-IH, GH-RH, PIF

Question 16

Melatonin: decreases pigmentation of the skin

Answer 16

Pineal gland

Question 17

Master Gland ; Located in the sella turcica or Turkish saddle

Answer 17

Pituitary gland

Question 18

True endocrine gland

Answer 18

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

Question 19

Hormones: PRL, GH, FSH, LH, TSH, MSH, ACTH

Answer 19

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

Question 20

GH (Somatotropin) Most abundant of all pituitary hormones Structurally similar to PRL and HPL Markedly elevated during deep sleep Dwarfism Decreased GH Acromegaly Increased GH GH deficiency tests 1. Insulin tolerance test = Gold standard (Confirmatory test) 2. Arginine stimulation test = 2nd confirmatory test Tests for Acromegaly 1. Somatomedin C or insulin-like growth factor I (Screening) -Increased: Acromegaly -Decreased: GH deficiency 2. OGTT (Confirmatory) -75g glucose FSH Spermatogenesis LH Helps Leydig cells to produce testosterone (male) Ovulation (female) Synthesis of androgens, estrogens, and progesterone TSH (Thyrotropin) Stimulates thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4 Increased: 1’ hypothyroidism, 2’ hyperthyroidism Decreased: 1’ hyperthyroidism, 2’ hypothyroidism, 3’ hypothyroidism ACTH (Corticotropin) Highest: 6-8 AM Lowest: 6-11 PM Not allowed to have contact with glass because it adheres to glass surface Collect blood in plastic tubes Prolactin Initiation and maintenance of lactation Inhibited by Dopamine Highest: 4AM and 8AM, and 8PM and 10PM Increased: Menstrual irregularity, infertility, amenorrhea, galactorrhea Panhypopituitarism From pituitary tumor (adenoma) or Ischemia Pituitary ischemia (Shechan’s) Hemorrhage or shock in a pregnant female at the time of deliver Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis) Release but not produce oxytocin and vasopressin Oxytocin Uterine contraction and milk ejection ADH/AVP (Arginine vasopressin) H2O reabsorption (DCT and CD) Stimulus: Increased plasma osmolality (>295 mOsm/kg), decreased blood vol. Promotes factor VII and vWF release Overnight water deprivation test (Conc. test) Diagnostic test for ADH Neurogenic DI True Diabetes Insipidus Failure of the pituitary gland to secrete ADH Nephrogenic DI Failure of the kidneys to respond to normal or elevated ADH SIADH Syndrome of inappropriate ADH Sustained production of ADH Decreased urine volume Low plasma osmolality Low serum electrolytes Thyroid Gland Butterfly-shaped 2 lobes = connected by the isthmus Follicle Fundamental structural unit of the thyroid gland Follicular cells Secrete T3 and T4 Parafollicular or C cells Secrete calcitonin