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Clinical Chemistry Review > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

First rank of importance

A

Proteis

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2
Q

Amphoteric: positive and negative charges

A

Proteins

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3
Q

Effective blood buffers

A

Proteins

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4
Q

Synthesized by the liver except immunoglobulins (plasma cells)

A

Proteins

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5
Q

Provide 12-20% of total daily body energy requirement

A

Proteins

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6
Q

Composed of 50-70% of the cell’s dry weight

A

Proteins

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7
Q

Amino acid sequence

A

Primary structure

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8
Q

Det. the identity of protein, molecular structure, function binding capacity, recognition ability

A

Primary structure

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9
Q

Winding of polypeptide chain

A

Secondary structure

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10
Q

Specific 3-D conformations: alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheath, bend form

A

Secondary structure

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11
Q

Actual 3-D configuration

A

Tertiary structure

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12
Q

Folding pattern

A

Tertiary structure

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13
Q

Physical and chemical properties of proteins

A

Tertiary structure

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14
Q

Association of 2 or more polypeptide chains > protein

A

Quarternary structure

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15
Q

No quarternary structure

A

Albumin

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16
Q

Glucogenic amino acids:

A

Alanine (pyruvate)
Arginine (alpha-ketoglutarate)
Aspartate (oxaloacetate)

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17
Q

Degraded to acetyl-CoA

A

Ketogenic amino acids

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18
Q

Ketogenic amino acids

A

Leucine
Lysine

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19
Q

Hydrolysis > Amino acids

A

Simple proteins

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20
Q

Simple proteins Fibrous:

A

fibrinogen, troponins, collagen

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21
Q

Simple proteins Globular:

A

hemoglobin, plasma proteins, enzymes, peptide hormones

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22
Q

Protein (apoprotein) + nonprotein moiety (prosthetic group)

A

Conjugated proteins

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23
Q

Metalloproteins:

A

ferritin, ceruloplasmin, hemoglobin, flavoproteins

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24
Q

Lipoproteins:

A

VLDL, HDL, LDL, CM

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25
Q

Glycoproteins:

A

haptoglobin, alpha1-antitrypsin (10-40% CHO)

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26
Q

Mucoproteins or proteoglycans:

A

Mucin (CHO > CHON)

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27
Q

Nucleoproteins:

A

Chromatin (combined w/ nucleic acids)

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28
Q

Balance bet. anabolism and catabolism

A

Nitrogen balance

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29
Q

Catabolism > anabolism

A

Negative nitrogen balance

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30
Q

Excessive tissue destruction

A

Negative nitrogen balance

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31
Q

Anabolism > catabolism

A

Positive nitrogen balance

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32
Q

Growth and repair processes

A

Positive nitrogen balance

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33
Q

Transports thyroxine and retinol (Vit. A)

A

Prealbumin (Transthyretin)

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34
Q

Landmark to confirm that the specimen is really CSF

A

Prealbumin (Transthyretin)

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35
Q

Maintains osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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36
Q

Negative acute phase reactant

A

Albumin

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37
Q

Acute phase reactant

A

Alpha1-antitrypsin

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38
Q

Major inhibitor of protease activity

A

Alpha1-antitrypsin

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39
Q

90% of alpha1-globulin band

A

Alpha1-antitrypsin

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40
Q

Gestational marker

A

Alpha1-fetoprotein

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41
Q

Alpha1-fetoprotein Tumor marker:

A

hepatic and gonodal cancers

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42
Q

Screening test for fetal conditions (Spx: maternal serum)

A

Alpha1-fetoprotein

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43
Q

Alpha1-fetoprotein: confirmatory test

A

Amniotic fluid

44
Q

Alpha1-fetoprotein Increased:

A

Hepatoma, spina bifida, neural tube defects

45
Q

Alpha1-fetoprotein Decreased:

A

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

46
Q

Low pI (2.7)

A

Alpha1-acid glycoprotein/ orosomucoid

47
Q

Negatively charged even in acid solution

A

Alpha1-acid glycoprotein/ orosomucoid

48
Q

Acute phase reactant

A

Alpha1-antichymotrypsin

49
Q

Binds and inactivates PSA

A

Alpha1-antichymotrypsin

50
Q

Alpha1-antichymotrypsin Increased:

A

Alzheimer’s disease, AMI, infection, malignancy, burns

51
Q

Acute phase reactant

A

Haptoglobin (alpha2)

52
Q

Binds free hemoglobin (alpha chain)

A

Haptoglobin (alpha2)

53
Q

Copper binding (6-8 atoms of copper are attached to it)

A

Ceruloplasmin (alpha2)

54
Q

Has enzymatic activities

A

Ceruloplasmin (alpha2)

55
Q

Ceruloplasmin (alpha2) Decreased:

A

Wilson’s disease

56
Q

(copper > skin, liver, brain, cornea [KayserFleisher rings])

A

Wilson’s disease

57
Q

Larges major nonimmunoglobulin protein

A

Alpha2-macroglobulin

58
Q

Alpha2-macroglobulin Increased:

A

Nephrotic syndrome (10x)

59
Q

Forms a complex w/ PSA

A

Alpha2-macroglobulin

60
Q

Affinity w/ vitamin D and actin

A

Group-specific component (Gc)-globulin (bet. alpha1 and alpha2)

61
Q

Binds free heme

A

Hemopexin (beta)

62
Q

HLA

A

Beta2-microglobulin

63
Q

Filtered by glomeruli but reabsorbed

A

Beta2-microglobulin

64
Q

Negative acute phase reactant

A

Transferrin/Siderophilin (beta)

65
Q

Major component of beta2-globulin fraction

A

Transferrin/Siderophilin (beta)

66
Q

Pseudoparaproteinemia in severe IDA

A

Transferrin/Siderophilin (beta)

67
Q

Transferrin/Siderophilin (beta) Increased:

A

Hemochromatosis (bronze-skin), IDA

68
Q

C3: major

A

Complement (beta)

69
Q

Acute phase reactant

A

Fibrinogen (bet. beta and gamma)

70
Q

Between beta and gamma globulins

A

Fibrinogen (bet. beta and gamma)

71
Q

General scavenger molecule

A

CRP (gamma)

72
Q

Undetectable in healthy individuals

A

CRP (gamma)

73
Q

: warning test to persons at risk of CAD

74
Q

Synthesized by the plasma cells

A

Immunoglobulins (gamma)

75
Q

Immunoglobulins (gamma):

A

IgG>IgA>IgM>IgD>IgE

76
Q

Myoglobin Marker:

A

Ischemic muscle cells, chest pain (angina), AMI

77
Q

Most important marker for AMI

78
Q

Specific for heart muscle

A

TnT (Tropomyosin-binding subunit)

79
Q

Det. unstable angina (angina at rest)

A

TnT (Tropomyosin-binding subunit)

80
Q

Only found in the myocardium

A

TnI (Inhibitory subunit or Actin-binding unit)

81
Q

Greater cardiac specificity than TnT

A

TnI (Inhibitory subunit or Actin-binding unit)

82
Q

Highly specific for AMI

A

TnI (Inhibitory subunit or Actin-binding unit)

83
Q

13x more abundant in the myocardium than CK-MB

A

TnI (Inhibitory subunit or Actin-binding unit)

84
Q

Very sensitive indicator of even minor amount of cardiac necrosis

A

TnI (Inhibitory subunit or Actin-binding unit)

85
Q

Binds calcium ions and regulate muscle contractions

86
Q

Most common and serious type

A

Glomerular proteinuria

87
Q

Often called albuminuria

A

Glomerular proteinuria

88
Q

Defective reabsorption

A

Tubular proteinuria

89
Q

Slightly increased albumin excretion

A

Tubular proteinuria

90
Q

Overload proteinuria:

A

Hemoglobinuria Myoglobinuria Bence-Jones proteinuria

91
Q

Postrenal proteinuria:

A

Urinary tract infection, bleeding, malignancy

92
Q

Type 1 DM

A

Microalbuminuria

93
Q

Albumin excretion ≥30 mg/g creatinine (cutoff: DM) but ≤300 mg/g creatinine

A

Microalbuminuria

94
Q

: 2 out of 3 specimens submitted are w/ abnormal findings (w/in 6 months)

A

Microalbuminuria

95
Q

CSF Oligoclonal banding 2 or more IgG bands in the gamma region:

A

Multiple sclerosis
Encephalitis
Neurosyphilis
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Neoplastic disorders

96
Q

Serum Oligoclonal banding:

A

Leukemia
Lymphoma
Viral infections

97
Q

Ochronosis (tissue pigmentation)

A

Alkaptonuria

98
Q

Impaired activity of cystathione beta-synthetase

A

Homocystinuria

99
Q

Elevated homocysteine and methionine in blood and urine

A

Homocystinuria

100
Q

Homocystinuria Screen:

A

Modified Guthrie test (Antagonist: L-methionine sulfoximine)

101
Q

Markedly reduced or absence of alpha-ketoacid decarboxylase

102
Q

4 mg/dL of leucine is indicative of

103
Q

MSUD Screen:

A

Modified Guthrie test (Antagonist: 4-azaleucine)

104
Q

MSUD Diagnostic:

A

Amino acid analysis (HPLC)

105
Q

Deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) = elevated blood phenylalanine

Clinical Chemistry Review (15 decks)

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