Proteins Flashcards
1
Q
First rank of importance
A
Proteis
2
Q
Amphoteric: positive and negative charges
A
Proteins
3
Q
Effective blood buffers
A
Proteins
4
Q
Synthesized by the liver except immunoglobulins (plasma cells)
A
Proteins
5
Q
Provide 12-20% of total daily body energy requirement
A
Proteins
6
Q
Composed of 50-70% of the cell’s dry weight
A
Proteins
7
Q
Amino acid sequence
A
Primary structure
8
Q
Det. the identity of protein, molecular structure, function binding capacity, recognition ability
A
Primary structure
9
Q
Winding of polypeptide chain
A
Secondary structure
10
Q
Specific 3-D conformations: alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheath, bend form
A
Secondary structure
11
Q
Actual 3-D configuration
A
Tertiary structure
12
Q
Folding pattern
A
Tertiary structure
13
Q
Physical and chemical properties of proteins
A
Tertiary structure
14
Q
Association of 2 or more polypeptide chains > protein
A
Quarternary structure
15
Q
No quarternary structure
A
Albumin
16
Q
Glucogenic amino acids:
A
Alanine (pyruvate)
Arginine (alpha-ketoglutarate)
Aspartate (oxaloacetate)
17
Q
Degraded to acetyl-CoA
A
Ketogenic amino acids
18
Q
Ketogenic amino acids
A
Leucine
Lysine
19
Q
Hydrolysis > Amino acids
A
Simple proteins
20
Q
Simple proteins Fibrous:
A
fibrinogen, troponins, collagen
21
Q
Simple proteins Globular:
A
hemoglobin, plasma proteins, enzymes, peptide hormones
22
Q
Protein (apoprotein) + nonprotein moiety (prosthetic group)
A
Conjugated proteins
23
Q
Metalloproteins:
A
ferritin, ceruloplasmin, hemoglobin, flavoproteins
24
Q
Lipoproteins:
A
VLDL, HDL, LDL, CM
25
Glycoproteins:
haptoglobin, alpha1-antitrypsin (10-40% CHO)
26
Mucoproteins or proteoglycans:
Mucin (CHO > CHON)
27
Nucleoproteins:
Chromatin (combined w/ nucleic acids)
28
Balance bet. anabolism and catabolism
Nitrogen balance
29
Catabolism > anabolism
Negative nitrogen balance
30
Excessive tissue destruction
Negative nitrogen balance
31
Anabolism > catabolism
Positive nitrogen balance
32
Growth and repair processes
Positive nitrogen balance
33
Transports thyroxine and retinol (Vit. A)
Prealbumin (Transthyretin)
34
Landmark to confirm that the specimen is really CSF
Prealbumin (Transthyretin)
35
Maintains osmotic pressure
Albumin
36
Negative acute phase reactant
Albumin
37
Acute phase reactant
Alpha1-antitrypsin
38
Major inhibitor of protease activity
Alpha1-antitrypsin
39
90% of alpha1-globulin band
Alpha1-antitrypsin
40
Gestational marker
Alpha1-fetoprotein
41
Alpha1-fetoprotein Tumor marker:
hepatic and gonodal cancers
42
Screening test for fetal conditions (Spx: maternal serum)
Alpha1-fetoprotein
43
Alpha1-fetoprotein: confirmatory test
Amniotic fluid
44
Alpha1-fetoprotein Increased:
Hepatoma, spina bifida, neural tube defects
45
Alpha1-fetoprotein Decreased:
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
46
Low pI (2.7)
Alpha1-acid glycoprotein/ orosomucoid
47
Negatively charged even in acid solution
Alpha1-acid glycoprotein/ orosomucoid
48
Acute phase reactant
Alpha1-antichymotrypsin
49
Binds and inactivates PSA
Alpha1-antichymotrypsin
50
Alpha1-antichymotrypsin Increased:
Alzheimer’s disease, AMI, infection, malignancy, burns
51
Acute phase reactant
Haptoglobin (alpha2)
52
Binds free hemoglobin (alpha chain)
Haptoglobin (alpha2)
53
Copper binding (6-8 atoms of copper are attached to it)
Ceruloplasmin (alpha2)
54
Has enzymatic activities
Ceruloplasmin (alpha2)
55
Ceruloplasmin (alpha2) Decreased:
Wilson’s disease
56
(copper > skin, liver, brain, cornea [KayserFleisher rings])
Wilson’s disease
57
Larges major nonimmunoglobulin protein
Alpha2-macroglobulin
58
Alpha2-macroglobulin Increased:
Nephrotic syndrome (10x)
59
Forms a complex w/ PSA
Alpha2-macroglobulin
60
Affinity w/ vitamin D and actin
Group-specific component (Gc)-globulin (bet. alpha1 and alpha2)
61
Binds free heme
Hemopexin (beta)
62
HLA
Beta2-microglobulin
63
Filtered by glomeruli but reabsorbed
Beta2-microglobulin
64
Negative acute phase reactant
Transferrin/Siderophilin (beta)
65
Major component of beta2-globulin fraction
Transferrin/Siderophilin (beta)
66
Pseudoparaproteinemia in severe IDA
Transferrin/Siderophilin (beta)
67
Transferrin/Siderophilin (beta) Increased:
Hemochromatosis (bronze-skin), IDA
68
C3: major
Complement (beta)
69
Acute phase reactant
Fibrinogen (bet. beta and gamma)
70
Between beta and gamma globulins
Fibrinogen (bet. beta and gamma)
71
General scavenger molecule
CRP (gamma)
72
Undetectable in healthy individuals
CRP (gamma)
73
: warning test to persons at risk of CAD
hsCRP
)
74
Synthesized by the plasma cells
Immunoglobulins (gamma)
75
Immunoglobulins (gamma):
IgG>IgA>IgM>IgD>IgE
76
Myoglobin Marker:
Ischemic muscle cells, chest pain (angina), AMI
77
Most important marker for AMI
Troponins
78
Specific for heart muscle
TnT (Tropomyosin-binding subunit)
79
Det. unstable angina (angina at rest)
TnT (Tropomyosin-binding subunit)
80
Only found in the myocardium
TnI (Inhibitory subunit or Actin-binding unit)
81
Greater cardiac specificity than TnT
TnI (Inhibitory subunit or Actin-binding unit)
82
Highly specific for AMI
TnI (Inhibitory subunit or Actin-binding unit)
83
13x more abundant in the myocardium than CK-MB
TnI (Inhibitory subunit or Actin-binding unit)
84
Very sensitive indicator of even minor amount of cardiac necrosis
TnI (Inhibitory subunit or Actin-binding unit)
85
Binds calcium ions and regulate muscle contractions
TnC
86
Most common and serious type
Glomerular proteinuria
87
Often called albuminuria
Glomerular proteinuria
88
Defective reabsorption
Tubular proteinuria
89
Slightly increased albumin excretion
Tubular proteinuria
90
Overload proteinuria:
Hemoglobinuria Myoglobinuria Bence-Jones proteinuria
91
Postrenal proteinuria:
Urinary tract infection, bleeding, malignancy
92
Type 1 DM
Microalbuminuria
93
Albumin excretion ≥30 mg/g creatinine (cutoff: DM) but ≤300 mg/g creatinine
Microalbuminuria
94
: 2 out of 3 specimens submitted are w/ abnormal findings (w/in 6 months)
Microalbuminuria
95
CSF Oligoclonal banding 2 or more IgG bands in the gamma region:
Multiple sclerosis
Encephalitis
Neurosyphilis
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Neoplastic disorders
96
Serum Oligoclonal banding:
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Viral infections
97
Ochronosis (tissue pigmentation)
Alkaptonuria
98
Impaired activity of cystathione beta-synthetase
Homocystinuria
99
Elevated homocysteine and methionine in blood and urine
Homocystinuria
100
Homocystinuria Screen:
Modified Guthrie test (Antagonist: L-methionine sulfoximine)
101
Markedly reduced or absence of alpha-ketoacid decarboxylase
MSUD
102
4 mg/dL of leucine is indicative of
MSUD
103
MSUD Screen:
Modified Guthrie test (Antagonist: 4-azaleucine)
104
MSUD Diagnostic:
Amino acid analysis (HPLC)
105
Deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) = elevated blood phenylalanine
PKU
