Rat- RATTUS NORVEGICUS Flashcards
3 uses for rats:
- Good pets;
- Research;
- Food sources for other animals;
Behavior of rats:
very social; nocturnal; like to burrow/build nests; will escape from cages but will often return after exploring
The rat tail____% of the length of their bodies
85%
Brown fat stores ________
glycogen
Tails used for 2 things:
- Thermoregulation;
2. Balance
Rats lack a ________ and have a highly developed cecum
gall bladder
Rats cant _____ because of their limiting ridge
vomit
Rats have a divided ___________ stomach
monogastric
Large, pigmented, horseshoe-shaped lacrimal gland located behind the eye
Harderian Gland
Tears are secreted by the Hardarian gland and contain high levels of ________
porphyrin(red tears)
Extensive tissue ranging from the neck to inguinal region onto the sides and back
Mammary glands
Rats have 6 pairs of mammary glands: _____ thoracic and ____ abdominal
3; 3
What WBC is the most predominate cell in rats
lymphocytes
Males have higher _________ and _________ counts then females
granulocyte; lymphocyte
Rats can get increased ammonia levels from what?
very concentrated urine level
Rats diets should contain at least _____% of protein and ___ % fat
20-25; 4
Rats tend to become obese if fed ad lib, what two things could you do to decrease this from happening?
Use caution with the quantity & amount of food
Life span of rats:
2 and half to 3 years
Normal TPR for rats:
T= 99.5-100.6F; P=250-450bpm; RR=70-115rpm
Gestation for rats:
21-23 days
Avg litter size for rats:
6-12 pups
Housing temp for rats:
18-26 C
Light:Dark ratio number
12:12 (12 hours of day, 12 hours of night)
Humidity for rats:
30-70%
How often should you do an air exchange?
10-15/hr
What are some uses in biomedical research using rats:
heart dz, metabolic disorders, organ transplants, toxicology, neurological behavioral studies, cancer, renal dz, infectious dz
Strain used for great genetic diversity
Outbred
4 types of outbred strains:
- Wistar;
- Long evans(hooded);
- Kyoto;
- Sprague-Dawley
3 types of Inbred strains:
- CAR/CAS-albino;
- BB- spontaneously develop diabetes;
- Brattleboro-study diabetes insipidus
A type of inbred strain but manipulated more is?
Mutant Strain
3 types of mutant strains:
- Nude- lack a thymus and T cells;
- ZDF- zucker diabetic fatty rat
- SCID- severe compromised immunodeficiency (lack B and T cells, and have NO acquired immune system)
Males have a larger distance from genitals to anus which is called?
anogenital distance
Rats are ____________ and their postpartum estrous is ______hours after birth
polyestrus; 48hrs
The ______ effect does not affect rats
Bruce
The _______effect is less pronounced in rats
Whitten
The weaning age for rats:
19-23 days
2 restraint methods used for rats:
- One hand over the shoulder and back area, the other hand supports body;
- Rats head between first two fingers
What is the most common site on rats for getting samples of blood?
tail vein
____people are need for blood draws without restraining device
2
What 4 places for venipuncture is sedation required?
- Femoral;
- Jugular;
- Retro-orbital;
- Cardiac puncture
______ml/kg approx total blood volume for rats:
50-65
No more than ____% of blood volume every 2-3 weeks
10%
SQ injections use _______g needles
23-25
You use this injection when giving it to the lower right abdominal quadrant
IP
Fasting is not required for ________
anesthesia
What 2 drugs are used when injecting anesthesia:
- Ketamine;
2. Xylazine
IP max dose:
2.0
SQ max dose:
2.0
IM max dose:
0.3/site
IV max dose:
0.5
PO max dose:
2.0(5mls MAX)
3 drugs used for pain on rats:
- Butorphanol;
- Buprenorphine;
- Metacam;
Highly contagious; have 3 main serogroups; wide range of symptoms; virus shed in bodily fluids
Parvovirus
Sialodacryoadenitis, rat coronavirus, sialoadenitis virus; swelling of lymph nodes/glands; bulging eyes; self mutilation
Coronaviruses
Parainfluenza virus type 1; Dz depends on hosts immune status; respiratory signs; wt loss, chattering; Nude rats are fatal to this; contagious
Sendai Virus
Common in pet rats; respiratory, and genital infection; highly contagious; 1-2 months to treat
Murine Mycoplasmosis
Most common in rats*; large but rarely metastasize(spread)
Mammary tumors
Mites and pinworms are cases of this health condition
parasites
Due to a low humidity; constriction of the tail
Ring tail
Overgrown incisors; can fix with nail trimmers or dental bur
Malocclusion
3 ways to euthanize rats:
- Overdose of KCL & euthanasia solution IV(pets);
- Overdose of CO2;
- Overdose of isoflurane, halothane or sevoflurane(last resort)
