rat man sac Flashcards
research question?
How does a person’s perceptual set influenced by past experience impact their perception of ambiguous visual stimuli?
definition perceptual set
the predisposition to perceive certain features of a sensory stimuli and ignore other features that are deemed irrelevant
definition ambiguous stimuli
stimuli that can have two or more ways of understanding them
definition visual perception
process of becoming consciously aware of visual stimuli as a result of the interactions between the visual sensory system and the individual’s internal and external environments
what previous research was conducted?
- bugelski and alampay
- confident conclusion was made that majority of the academic population in a classroom setting can be made to see whichever of the two groups an experimenter chooses to impose on the group
- within subjects design does not work
- past experience aids to create an expectancy of what the next card is going to be. They do not expect to see the ambiguous figure but possibly another face or an animals
aim?
The aim of this investigation is to understand the effect of how a person’s perceptual set is influenced by past experience to impact their perception of ambiguous stimuli’s
population of interest? sampling technique?
Victorian’s aged 5 and over
- convenience sampling used
-> does not properly represent the entire population of interest - study cannot be generalized
variables? operationalised iv and dv?
IV - perceptual set
DV - perception of ambiguous figures
-> OP IV - presenting images of animals, faces or nothing before presenting an ambiguous figure
-> OP DV - whether the ambiguous figure is perceived to be a rat or a man or neither
Hypothesis?
It was hypothesised that Victorians aged 5 and above who were previously shown 4 images of faces prior to the ambiguous figure to be more likely to perceive the ambiguous figure as a man compared to Victorians aged 5 and above who were shown 4 images of animals prior to the ambiguous figure to be more likely to perceive this figure as a rat
experimental groups?
group 1 - people that will be shown animal images before being shown the ambiguous figure
group 2 - people that will be shown faces before being shown the ambiguous figure
research methodology? type of subjects design?
between subjects design
- everyone can only participate in 1 condition of the experiment
limitations? how will they be controlled?
LIMITATIONS:
- each person does not complete each group meaning that the results cannot fully be generalised with each other because the same people cannot be compared to each group to form a conclusion about the results given
-»» does not control for participant related extraneous variables
—- need more participants as they are only completing 1 or 3 conditions
HOW WILL THEY BE CONTROLLED?
- entire class collating reults together which increases the amount of participants involved and amount of results
results?
STIMULUS
ethical guidelines: voluntary participation
no pressure put on participant to partake in experiment
- must have informed consent
not be coerced
- reward given if necessary
- cannot be negative consequences
- disclose allowance for withdrawal
ethical guidelines: informed consent
ensure participants understand nature and purpose including potential risks BEFORE agreeing to participate
- ensure informed consent given before starting experiment
- list risks before getting consent
- if one needs if they must father consent from guardian
ethical guidelines: withdrawal rights
to be able to discontinue involvement at any time during or after without penalty
- informed of this option before commencement
- should not be coerced to continue if they do not wish to
ethical guidelines: confidentiality
privacy and protection of participants personal information
- remaining all participants as anonymous
- not recording any personal details
- participants consent to certain details being recorded and can withdraw
ethical guidelines: deception
intentionally misleading participants about the true nature of experiment
- ensure that debriefing is completed after experiment is over
- ensure that there is no confusion from any participant
- all questions from participants should be answered at end of study
- any deception should be then explained at the end of experiment
ethical guidelines: debriefing
ensures that at end of experiment that participant leaves understanding experiments entire aim, results and conclusions
- must be conducted at the end of experiment for each participant
- all questions by participants should be answered at the end
- participants must be told about deception that occurred during experiment
- if any participants seems in any distress after, they should be offered to address harm and if so, offered their withdrawal rights from experiment
discussion - what went unexpectedly?
It was unexpected how many people stated that they saw a man as their final perception for the ambiguous figure
were there any differences in the environment of the experiment between participants?
Yes whether they were in a home environment or at school, this changes the environment if they were around others also completing the experiment that may have told them the goings on of the experiment which alters their past experience and perception going into the experiment.
did anything else other than IV impact results?
- wording of the questions being asked to participants
- environment
- order
- images that could be mixed up
- participants that have participated in the experiment before
hypothesis supported??
- to an extent
- those that were shown previously the series of faces, majority of them stated that they saw the man.
- however, those that were shown the animals prior, majority still stated that they saw a man
summary of findings
- We found that majority of people whether or not they were shown the faces, animals or nothing prior to seeing the ambiguous figure stated that they saw a man. —–» This suggests that no matter the difference of past experience and perceptual set, overall this does not influence what one may perceive in an image that has the potential to be influenced by these factors.
- We also found that those that majority of those that perceived neither the man or rat from the ambiguous figure has previously been shown the series of faces.
alignment with previous research?
no
- previous states that past experience of the images influences greatly what those viewing the ambiguous figure will see
- this was not that case for our experiment as each group including the control, saw the man the most
-» suggesting that different influences of past experience could be more of an influence in this scenario
limitations???
- convenient sampling over random sampling
- between subjects design over within subjects
- lack of variety and small sample size
—»> not alot of results, meaning that they cannot be generalised and applied to the wider population of interest. lacks validity - participants were not separated
–» increases invalid precision, strays accuracy - how experimenter phrased the question
- those that may have already completed the experiment before
—»> does not record proper reaction relating to the past experience that we want to investigate
suggestions for future research
- larger sample size
- random sampling
- use different stimuli’s and different ambiguous figures to understand if the same results are common under different influences
- use same experimenter in the same environment, separate each participant and give the experimenter a script to read off
implications
no implications can be made because of
- lack of sample size and variety
- validity
- do not match up with past research done
therefore the results cannot be generalized to population of interest
terms - accuracy
whether the value measured is the true valuse of what is being measured
- impacted by systematic errors
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