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Block 5: Neuro > RAT 4 > Flashcards

RAT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

inferior olivary nucleus

A

compares the motor plan with the sensory information coming in

sends summated information output to the cerebellum as “climbing fibers”

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2
Q

Identify 3

A

middle cerebellar peduncle; gets input from the pontine nuclei to project to the lateral hemisphere of the cerebellar cortex (cerebrocerebellar circuit = motor planning and learning)

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3
Q

Identify 1

A

superior cerebellar peduncle in the wall of the fourth ventricle

output of the cerebrocerebellar tract; from dentate nucleus to red nucleus and VL of thalamus

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4
Q

Identify 2

A

main sensory and motor of V at the elvel of the upper pons

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5
Q

Identify pink outline

A

reticular formation which give rise to the medial reticulospinals

note that the red outline is the general locaiton of the corticospinal and corticoreticulars

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6
Q

what is outlined in red?

A

superior cerebellar peduncle; site at which axons leave SCP and decussate to contralateral side (Where they go to red nucleus and VL of thalamus)

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7
Q

where are corticopontine fibers located

A

crus cerebri

(in yellow outline)

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8
Q

Through which cerebellar peduncle do the dentatorubrothalamic axons pass?

A

these are the axons coming from the superior cerebellar peduncle to go to the red nucleus and ventrolateral thalamus

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9
Q

identify what is circled in yellow

A

subthalamic nuc

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10
Q

lesion to cerebellar vermis

A

truncal ataxia (wide-based, drunken sailor gait)

dysarthria

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11
Q

lesion to cerebellar hemisphere

A

intention tremor

limb ataxia

loss of balance

ipsilateral!! FALL TOWARD LESION

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12
Q

PPRF lesion

A

eyes look away from lesion

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13
Q

lesion to the mamillary bodies

A

Wernike Korsakoff syndrome

Confusion, Ataxia, Nystagmus, Opthalmoplegia

memory loss, personality changes

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14
Q

what coudl cause lesion to amygdala

A

HSV1 encephalitis

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15
Q

what would an amygdala lesion cause

A

disinhibited behavior

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16
Q

lesion at red nucleus

A

decrebrate posturing

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17
Q

reseting tremor

A

parkinsons ; uncontrolled mvmt of distal apendages ; alleviated by intentional movement

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18
Q

intention tremor

A

cerebellar dysfunciton

slow, zigzag motion when pointing/extending toward a target

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19
Q

what spinal tract is involved with the control of trunk muscles?

A

anterior corticospinal

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20
Q

another name for the anterolateral system

A

anterior spinothalamic tract

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21
Q

Identify 1

A

caudate

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22
Q

Identify 2

A

putamen

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23
Q

Idenitfy 3

A

globus pallidus

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24
Q

striatum

A

caudate and putamen

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25
Q

what is the major input region of basal ganglia

A

striatum = caudate and putamen

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26
Q

what does NOT project to the basal ganglia

A

primary auditory and primary visual corted

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27
Q

freezing

A
  • sudden, brief episodes of inability to produce effective forward stepping
    • usually during gait initiation or turning while walking
  • strategies to overcome: incr step amplitude, retains tepping rhythm, incr turning arc
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28
Q

loss of direct pathway

A

hypokinetic disorder

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29
Q

loss of indirect pathway

A

hyperkinetic disorders

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30
Q

ballismus

A

wild flinging movments of extremities

31
Q

what causes hemiballismus

A

= ballistic movments on one side

loss of contralateral STN

recall basal ganglia affects contralateral side

32
Q

vermis gets what kind of proprioceptive input?

A

trunk

33
Q

paravermis gets what kind of proprioceptive info?

A

from upper and lower extremities

34
Q

clarke’s nucleus

A

C8-L3

gets proprioceptors from lower extremity and trunk

35
Q

accessory cuneate nucleus

A

gets proprioceptive information from upper extremity and trunk

it projects to cuneocerebellar tract to ipsilateral spinocerebellum (ICP)

36
Q

ataxia

A

loss of coordination

(after damage to cerebellum)

37
Q

clarke’s nucleus

A

L3-C8

information from lower extremities to cerebellum via the ICP

38
Q

accessory cuneate nucleus

A

C7-C1

proprioception info from upper extremity to cerebellum via ICP

39
Q

mossy fibers

A
  • excitatory
  • excite the granule cells (which then excite the purkije cells)
  • gets information from spinocerebellar and pontocerebellar tracts
40
Q

climbing fibers

A
  • get info from contralateral inferior olive
  • excitatory
  • excite the purkinje cells
41
Q

granule cells

A
  • get excited by the mossy fibers
  • give off parallel fibers which then excite the purkinje fibers
42
Q

purkinje fibers

A
  • only output of cerebellar CORTEX
  • inhibitory
  • is excited by granule cells (which are excited by mossy fibers) as well as climbing fibers
43
Q

ipsilateral ataxia w/o other brainstem findings

A

suspect the SCA

44
Q

fastigial projections in spinocerebellar tract

A
  • reticular formation
    • reticulospinal tract
  • vestibular nuclei
    • vestibulospinal tract (medial ventral horn)
45
Q

vestibulospinal tract

A

comes from vestibular nuclei; innervates interneurons and the medial ventral horn of the spinal cortd

  1. medial
    • bilateral
    • regulates head position
    • extends to cervical levels
  2. lateral
    • ipsilateral
    • antigravity muscles
46
Q

what moderates unanticipated postural instability

A

vestibulospinal tracts

47
Q

what moderates anticipated postural instability

A

reticulospinal tract

48
Q

reticulospinal tracts

A
  • upright posture and balance
  • originates from the reticular formation
49
Q

what part of the pons are the pontine nuclei traveling in?

A

base of the pons

50
Q

what part of the pons are the ICP, MCP and SCP in?

A

tegmentum

51
Q

what does the cerebellum have to do w? ~tone~~

A

cerebellum modulates reticulospinal tracts by inputting to the reticular formation; the reticulospinal tracts regulate input to alpha and gamma motor neurons; without this, can get HYPOTONIA AND PENDULAR REFLEXES

52
Q

identify

A

red nucleus

53
Q

identify

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

54
Q

identify

A

dentate nucleus

55
Q
A
56
Q

if you see horners what syndrome should come to mind

A

lateral medullary syndrome

57
Q

a cerebral cortex lesionresults in

A

ipsilateral loss of smooth eye movement

58
Q

identify

A

region of descending sympathetic patwhway in the brainstem

LATERAL MEDULLARY SYNDROME WILL GIVE HORNERS

59
Q

identify dashed green line

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

60
Q

identify pink

A

Vestibular nuclear complex with bundles of axons of the lateral vestibulospinal tract (antigravity muscles; ipsi)

61
Q

identify green

A

MLF near/around medial reticulospinals (trunk)

recall that the reticulospinals get corticoreticular input bilaterally

62
Q

Identify *

A

floculus of the cerebellum

63
Q

Identify the lime green

A

vermis of the cerebellum

64
Q

identify the red circle

A

dentate nucleus of the cerebellum

65
Q

what is the blue star outlining

A

pontine nuclei; found in the base of the pons

project into the cerebellum via the MCP

66
Q

where do climbing fibers come from

A

come from inferior olivary nucleus and enter the cerebellum thru the ICP

67
Q

ID yellow circle

A

interposed nuclei

68
Q

ID red circle

A

dentate nucleus

69
Q

ID #1

A

vermis

70
Q

what circuit are the pontine nuclei a part of?

A

cerebrocerebellum

  • mossy fibers via MCP
71
Q

ID black circle

A

fastigial nucleus

(most medial: don’t eat greasy foods)

72
Q

list the syndromes for lateral medullary

A

ataxia

dysphagia

dysmetria

decr gag

decr pain temp = contralateral body ipsilateral face

horners

vominting/ vertigo

nystagmus

73
Q
A

Block 5: Neuro (8 decks)

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