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Block 5: Neuro > Final but non rat > Flashcards

Final but non rat Flashcards

1
Q

main goal of limbic system

A

conscious awareness of autonomic function

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2
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

paraventricular nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus prep-tic nucleus ventrolateral prep-tic area (VLPO)

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3
Q

paraventricular nucleus

A

magnocellular (oxytocin and ADH) parvocellular (ACTH, TSH, descending autonomics) anterior hypothalamus

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4
Q

preoptic nucleus

A

temp regulation anterior hypothalamus

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5
Q

suprachismatic nucleus

A

circadian rhythm anterior hypothalamus

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6
Q

ventrolateral preoptic area

A

sleep via inhibition of arousal anterior hypothalamus

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7
Q

Middle hypothalamus

A

arcuate nucleus ventromedial nucleus

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8
Q

NPY/AgPR

A

stimulates appetite

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9
Q

CART/alphaMSH

A

inhibits feeding

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10
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

stimulates (MPY/AgRP) or inhibits (CART/alphaMSH) feeding middle hypothalamus

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11
Q

ventromedial nuclei

A

appetite, weight gain, insulin regulation

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12
Q

posterior hypothalamus

A

mammillary nuclei orexin/hypocretin and histamine neurons

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13
Q

orexin/hypocretin and histamine neurons

A

arousal posterior hypothalamus

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14
Q

mammillary nuclei

A

emotion and short term memory posterior hypothalamus

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15
Q

neurons that are a part of the arousal network

A
  1.  NT release and neuronal activity HIGHEST during WAKE and lowest during sleep 
  2. Treatment with agonists promote physiological and behavioral indicators of wakefulness 
  3. Treatment with antagonists (or lesions, disease) promote physiological and behavioral indicators of sleep
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16
Q

I neurons

A

inspiration neurons

stimulate neurons that innervate resp muscles

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17
Q

E neurons

A

expiration neurons

inhibit I neurons

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18
Q

ghrelin

A

hunger hormone; released when stomach empty

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19
Q

CCK

A

released from duodenum and upper intestine when aa and FA in GI tract; signals satiety

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20
Q

short term regulators of hunger

A

Ghrelin and CCK

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21
Q

long term regulator of hunger

A

leptin

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22
Q

what senses hypertonicity of the blood?

A

vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

when it detects an incr in blood solutes –> stimulates ADH release (antrior hypothalamus) and produces thirst (via lateral hypothalamus)

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23
Q

what detects hypovolemia?

A

kidneys and mechanoreceptors in blood vessel walls –> if hypovolemia is detected, trigger thirst and drinking in lateral hypothalamus and ADH releas (via paraventricular nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus)

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24
Q

signs of cerebellar dysfunciton

A

DANISH

dysdiadochokinesia and dysmetria

ataxia

nystagmus

intention tremor

slurred speech

hypotonia

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25
Q

venterolateral nucleus of thalamus

A

projects to the primary motor cortex and cortical areas involved in motor planning and learning

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26
Q

what is the role of the red nucleus in the cerebrocerebellar circuit

A

part of the motor learning loop

projects to the inferior olivary nucleus

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27
Q

worst headache of life

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage until proven otherwise

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28
Q

nucchal rigidity

A

inability to flex neck forward –> sign of meningeal irritation (inflammation, infection, hemorrhage in subarachnoid space)

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29
Q

lateral motor systems

A

corticospinal and rubrospinal

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30
Q

medial motor systems

A

anterior corticospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal and tectospinal

medial ventral motor horn = trunk

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31
Q

important cause of transient generalized weakness

A

bilateral ventral pontine ischemia due to basilar artery stenosis

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32
Q

usual cause of pure motor hemiparesis

A

lacunar infarction of the contralateral internal capsule or pons

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33
Q

reward

A

positive reinforcer; something for which an animal will work to approach and contact

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34
Q

punisher

A

something an animal will work to avoid

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35
Q

emotion

A

state elicited by rewards or punishers

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36
Q

motivation

A

state in which reward is being sought or punisher avoided

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37
Q

feelings

A

conscious awareness of emotional state

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38
Q

mood

A

predominant emotional state over time

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39
Q

limbic lobe

A

cortical areas ringing the brainstem; made up mostly by cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus

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40
Q

Kluver Bucy Syndrome

A

Behavioral syndrome resulting from bilateral temporal lobectomy

loss of emotional reactiviy (esp fear and aggression –> placid behavior)

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41
Q

what lobe is the amygdala in

A

temporal

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42
Q

predatory aggression

A

minimal sympathetic activation

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43
Q

affective aggression

A

major sympathetic activation

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44
Q

stimulation to medial hypothalamus produces …

A

affective aggression

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45
Q

lateral hypothalamus stimulation produces….

A

predatory aggress ion

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46
Q

amygdala lesion in humans

A

diffulty recognizing fearful recognition

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47
Q

OFC represents

A

reward value of the expected outcome (Desirability)

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48
Q

ACC represents

A

the reward value of the action itself (cost/effort)

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49
Q

huntingtons

A

hyperkinetic

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50
Q

parkinsons

A

hypokinetic

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51
Q

scanning attention

A

elevated tonic LC activity

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52
Q

phasic response of LC

A

required for discrimination of salient stimuli and filtering of unnecessary background noise

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53
Q

nucleus accumbens

A
  • prediction of reward and pleasure
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54
Q

tone

A

resistance to passive stretch

recall that cerebellar issue can cause hypotonia and pendular reflexes b/c affects reticulospinals

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55
Q

what are the antigravity muscles?

A
  • flexors in upper extremity
  • extensors in the lower extremity
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56
Q

where is the center of gravity in the human body

A

just anterior to S2 vertebra

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57
Q

why does a lower center of gravity increase stability?

A

because it is less likely that the line of gravity will fall outside the base of support

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58
Q

types of LMN

A
  • alpha = extrafusal
  • gamma = intrafusal
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59
Q

at what levels are the lateral motor nucleei present?

A

C5-T1

L2-S2

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60
Q

golgi tendon organs

A
  • respond to muscle tension and velocy of tension development
  • 1b fibers
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61
Q

nuclear bag fibers

A
  • respond to rate of change of muscle length
  • Ia fibers and gamma
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62
Q

nuclear chain fibers

A
  • responds primarily to muscle length
  • Ia and II fibers
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63
Q

lateral medullary syndrome

A
  • vertebral > PICA
  • ataxia, vertigo,nystagmus, ipsilateral horner’s ; horaseness, dysphagia, decr taste
  • decr pain and temp from ipislateral face (spinal nucleus and tract of V)
  • decr contralateral pain and temp b/c spinothalamic tract
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64
Q

where do the descending sympathetic fibers run

A

LATERAL TEGMENTUM

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65
Q

blood vessel suspect in ipsilateral hearing loss

A

AICA

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66
Q

brodmans area 6

A

premotor and SMA

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67
Q

brodmans area 4

A

primary motor cortex

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68
Q

Wernike injury

A
  • fluent aphasia
  • broadman 22
  • deficient comprehension
  • poor repetition
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69
Q

Broca’s

A
  • nonfluent aphasia
  • ok comprehension
  • poor repetition
  • abnormal deep tendon reflexs in upper extremitites
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70
Q

positive babinski sign

A

UMN

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71
Q

middle ear amplifier

A

compensates for the sound energy lost due to the sound encountering the air fluid barrier (impedence mismatch)

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72
Q

what is the primary mechanism of the middle ear amplifier?

A

the ratio of the tympanic membran SA to oval window SA

(the minor mechansm is ratio of length of malleus to length of incus)

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73
Q

what part of the ear has endolymph

A

scala media

endolymph is high in potassium and low in sodium

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74
Q

high freq detected at

A

oval window

*because the cochlea is tonotopically organized

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75
Q

what is the cochlear amplifier

A

active process that transformed poorly tuned basilar membrane vibrations into sharply tuned response

  1. exquisite frequency discrimiation
  2. large dynamic range
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76
Q

CN XII lesion

A
  • the corticobulbar is a contralateral projection (left corticobulbar to right nerve)
  • the nerve is ipsilateral projection (right nerve to right tongue muscle)
  • whatever side of the tongue is weak, it will deviate toward that side because the genioglossus pushes tongue opposite (right muscle pushes tongue left)
  • so if left corticobulbar is lesioned, right nerve won’t innervate right tongue, so tongue will deviate right
  • similarly, if you lesion at level of nerve, lesion of right nerve wont innervate right tongue, so tongue will deviate right
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77
Q

CN XI lesion

A
  • corticobulbar projection is ipsilateral (left corticobulbar impacts left CNXI nuclei)
  • SCM is ipsilateral (left CNXI nuclei affects left SCM)
    • SCM allows you to turn head
    • left SCM allows you to turn right
    • if you have a left SCM issue, you can’t turn right
  • Trapezius is contralateral (left CNXI nuclei affects right trapezius)
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78
Q

first line of tx for Menieres

A

low sodium diet

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79
Q

pneumotaxic center

A

inhibits inspiration; inhibits apneustic center

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80
Q

classical conditioning

A

relexive responses; controlled by stimuli that preceed them

(dog drools at bell)

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81
Q

instrumental conditioning

A

voluntary responses controlled by their consequences

(dog sits bc he’ll get a treat)

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82
Q

what could cause inability to recognize fearful facial expressions

A

a lesion to the amygdala

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83
Q

Kluver Bucy syndrome

A

loss of emotional reactivity due to loss of amygdala

84
Q

Urbach Wiethe disease

A

bilateral calcification of amygdala that causes loss of emotional reactivity

85
Q

what does the amgydala project to

A
  1. prefrontal cingulate cortex
  2. hypothalamus
  3. PAG
  4. brainstem monoamine nuclei
86
Q

what are the two nuclei of the amygdala

A

basolateral and central

87
Q

what kind of aggression does the medial hypothalamus cause

A
  • affective aggression
  • for show
  • vocalization
  • threatening posture
88
Q

what kind of aggression does the lateral hypothalamus cause

A
  • predatory
  • purposeful
  • stealthy
  • no vocalization
89
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A
  • FLEXIBILITY
    • allows you to change decision making to adjust to changing contingencies
  • effort based decision making
  • works with OFC
90
Q

substance use disorder

A
  1. devaluation of natural reinforcer
  2. incr DA effectsl drugs increasingly predominate over non drug rewards
  3. drug effects diminished therefore compulsive and accelerated drug taking
91
Q

where is serotonin

A

raphae nuclei of the midbrain

92
Q

what is the OFC important for

A
  • reversal learning
  • delayed decision making
  • long term reward / anticipatory autonomic resposne

function is to represent reward value and respond to changes in reward value; guides behavior based on value of expected outcome

93
Q

what does the nucleus accumbens respond to

A

motivational stimulus

94
Q

what happens to OFC neuron response as the value of the reward decreases?

A

the OFC neuron response decreases

95
Q

what part of the brain will respond to smiles

A

insula

96
Q

LC tonic activity

A

scanning attention

97
Q

LC phasic activity

A

discrimiation of salient stimuli and filtering of unnecessary background noise

98
Q

blood supply to amygdala

A

anterior choroidal

99
Q

OFC syndrome

A
  • poor judgement and foresight
  • inability to learn from expieience
  • can’t inhibit behavior
  • inappropro!!!! sexual coments, lewd behavior, lack of interpersonal sensitivy
100
Q

Identify lesion

A

OFC lesion

101
Q

insula

A
  • empathy
  • responds to smiles
  • affective quality of emotion
  • located near S2
  • conscious awarness of cognitive , affective, physical state
102
Q

abulia

A
  • ACC lesion
  • apathy
  • passive, loss/diminihsed initiative, spontaneous thought, emotional responses
  • lethargy
  • soft and slow speech –> properly articulated but comprised of few words
103
Q

what are the two dopamine circuits?

A
  1. nigrostriatal
  2. mesocorticolimbic
104
Q

nigrostriatal pathway

A
  • substantia nigra –> caudate putamen
  • motor and cognitive fxn
105
Q

mesocorticolimbic pathway

A
  • ventral tegmental –> limbic system
  • Motivation
  • M for Motivation and Mesocorticolimbic
106
Q

intracranial self stimulation

A

animals work (press lever) for stimulatiion

sthe sitmulation is of the fiber tract that has dopa projections to limbic (incl nucleus accumbens)

107
Q

what drugs are primarily DA mech of action

A

stimulants (cocaine and amphetamine)

108
Q

evidence that drugs of abuse are positive reinforcers

A

tolerance

withdrawal

craving

continued used despite efforts

109
Q

caudate does what kind of behavior

A

action-outcome

110
Q

putamen does what kind of behavior

A

habit

111
Q

what is the LCNE important for?

A

selective attention

112
Q

5 functions of the hypothalamus

A
  1. BP
  2. body temp
  3. energy metabolism
  4. reproduction
  5. emergency responses
113
Q

input to the solitary nucleus

A

IX and X

114
Q

where is the solitary nucleus?

A

caudal medulla

115
Q
A
116
Q

inferior temporal association area

A
  • identification of complex stimuli
  • located in the inferior occipitotemporal region
117
Q

what are the unimodal association areas

A
  • auditory
  • gustatory
  • motor
  • olfactor
  • visual
  • somatosensory
118
Q

what are the multimodal association areas

A
  • prefrontal
  • posterior parieto-occipital
  • inferior temporal (complex identification)
119
Q

agnosia

A
  • can’t recognize or ID objects, people, sounds
  • apperceptive or associative
120
Q

associative agnosia

A
  • can draw, good about matching, understanding form
  • but, cannot ID the object
  • in visual associative agnosia, can’t link the fully perceived object to other info for identification
    • ​usually caused by bilateral lesion to inferior occipitotemporal cortex
121
Q

in visual agnosia can patients ever recognize objects?

A

yes, patients can recognize objects using other sensory modalities

122
Q

apperceptive agnosia

A

can’t recognize because issue in perception pathway (can’t draw or copy items)

123
Q

what is the usual cause of visual associative agnosia?

A

this is when patients can perceive but not recognize, and is usually due to a bilateral lesion of the inferior occipitotemporal cortex

124
Q

prosopagnosia

A

type of visual agnosia in which patient cannot recognize familiar faces

125
Q

fusiform face area

A
  • part of fusiform gyrus of the inferior temporal cortex
  • damage to this area causes prosopagnosia (inability to recognize familiar faces)
126
Q

What do these lesions cause?

A

red= loss of color vision

blue = prosopagnosia

127
Q

ID

A

lesion causing prosopagnosia

128
Q

simultanagnosia

A

can’t recognize and distingusih between more than one object at once

two types = dorsal and ventral

129
Q

dorsal simulatnagnosia

A
  • can’t see more than one object at once
  • bilateral lesion of occipitotemporal cortex
130
Q

ventral simultanagnosia

A
  • can see more than one object at once but can’t ID more than one
  • associated with lesion in LEFT inferior occipital area
131
Q

verbal auditory agnosia

A

can’t understand words even though can read, write and speak

132
Q

nonverbal auditory agnosia

A

spares speech comprehension, but cant understand nonverbal sounds

133
Q

stereognosis

A

object ID by touch

mediated by unimodal somestheticcortex and by the somatosensory association area projections to temporal lobe

134
Q

where is perception of raw features of objects?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

135
Q

where is perception of form, texture, weight of object as a whole?

A

unimodal somatosensory cortex

136
Q

Astereognosis

A

can’t recognize by touch

associated with lesion to multimodal areas of temporal lobe

137
Q

semantic dimensia

A
  • degenerative disease of the anterior temporal lobes that impairs conceptual knowledge
  • MRI shows pronounced atrophy in anterior temporal lobe, especially on the left
138
Q

funciton of posteiror parietal association area

A

Awareness of and attention to our personal body map and our relationship to the world around us

139
Q

Contralateral Neglect Syndrome

A

Inattention to left side of body and extrapersonalspace

140
Q

arcuate fasiculus

A

white matter tract connecting Broca’s area to Wernike’s area

141
Q

Broca’s area

A

anteiror, inferior left frontal lobe

generate language

area 44 and 45

142
Q

Wernike’s area

A

understanding language

area 22

superior posterior temporal lobe

143
Q

conduction aphasia

A

notable for deficits in repetition; spontaneous speech, OK comprehension; anatomical basis not clear

144
Q

disorders of prosody

A
  • Damage to right hemisphere in Broca’s or Wernike’s area
  • Causes inability to understand (wernike’s) or express (Broca’s) the emotionalcontent of language
145
Q

what does PAG project directly to

A

locus coeruleus and rostral ventral medulla

146
Q

what does PAG get input from

A

amygdala and ALS second order neurons

147
Q

glut1

A

astrocyte

148
Q

glut 3

A

neuron

149
Q

PDHK4

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4

inactivates PDH therefore the astrocyte can’t make as much aceytl coA

150
Q

DAB

A
  • inhibits glycogenolysis
  • impairs memory
  • this can be rescued by either infused lactate or glucose.
151
Q

4-CIN

A
  • Inhibits Monocarboxylate Transporter 2
  • impairs memory
  • can’t be fixed
152
Q

LDH-1

A
  • favors oxidative metabolism
  • found in neurons
153
Q

LDH-5

A
  • favors glycolysis
  • found in astrocyte
154
Q

lactate and the hippocampus

A

lactate promotes hippocampal learning and memory in a BDNF dependent fashion

155
Q

what does EEG measure?

A

cortical activity

156
Q

what stage has high amplitude low frequency EEG readings?

A

NREM

(both awake and REM have low amplitude high frequency)

157
Q

what is the EMG reading in REM

A

none!

158
Q

apneustic center

A

stimulates I neurons aka sitmulates inhalation

159
Q

generator potentials

A

slower rates of rise

longer duration

(in comparison to AP)

160
Q

whats rapidly adapting

A

pacinian

meisner

hair follicles

161
Q

whats slow adapting

A

merkle (fine tactile discriminatio, form, texture0

ruffini (Stretch)

C fiber (temp pain)

162
Q

What is D pointing to?

A

posterior cerebral

163
Q

parasomnias

A

mixing of sleep and wake stages

  • sleepwalking
  • sleep terrors
  • REM sleep bheavior disorder
  • narcolepsy
164
Q

cataplexy

A

loss of muscle tone during emotional situations; can be associated with narcolepsy

165
Q

what is responsible for stimulus-emotion association

A

amygdala

166
Q

frontal disinhbition syndrome

A

OFC lesion

poor judgement and foresight, inability to inhibit behavior, inability to learn from experience

167
Q

unconscious, conditioned responses towards reward or punishment is mediated by?

A

amygdala

168
Q

habits, skills and sensorimotor adaptations are mediated by

A

cerebellum and basal ganglia

169
Q

episodic and semantic, conscious recollections and flexible expression are mediated by

A

hippocampus and parahippocampal region

170
Q

working memory is mediated by

A

prefrontal lateral aspect

171
Q

Prosopagnosia, the specific inability to recognizes familiar faces, occurs with lesions to the

A

inferior temporal

172
Q

The presence of the grasp reflex in an adult is indicative of damage to the

A

frontal lobes

173
Q

what is a major inhibitor of insulin signaling

A

serine phosphorylation

174
Q

alexander’s law

A

nystagmus is exacerbated when looking away from lesion;

nystagmus for vestibular neuritis always follows alexander’s law

175
Q

skew deviaiton

A

seen in stroke ; eyes go up but in opposite direction

176
Q

superior vestibular nerve innervates…

A

utricle

lateral canal

superior canal

177
Q

inferior vestibular nerve innervates…

A

saccule, posterior semicircular canal

178
Q

delayed MRI

A

gold standard for stroke dx

179
Q

DDx for recurrent vertigo

A

migraine

BPPV

menieres

concussion

sequelae of VN

TIA

180
Q

dix halpike

A

test for BPPV

181
Q

what responds to linear accelearation

A

utricle and saccule

182
Q

what responds to angular acceleration

A

macule

183
Q

what test would you order to confirm menieres

A

VNG (videonystagmography)

VEMP (vestibular evoked myogenic potentials)

EcochG (electrocochleography)

184
Q

low freq sensinoural hearing loss is a sign of

A

Menieres

185
Q

what is the pathologic hallmark of menieres disease

A

endolymphatic hydrops

186
Q

intratympanic gentamicin injection

A

common tx for menieres if low sodium diet and hctz (hydrochlorothiazide) are not enough

187
Q

Brown Séquard syndrome

A

spinal cord hemisection

  • UMN ipsilateral below lesion
  • LMN ispilateral at lesion
  • DCML ipsilateral below lesion
  • ALS contralateral below lesion
  • loss of all sensation at lesion
188
Q

what do lower motor neurons innervate

A

skeletal muscle

(the only neurons with axons that exit the CNS to provide direct innervation!!!)

189
Q

where are the celll bodies of LMN

A
  • cranial nerve nuclei of the brain stem
  • ventral horn of spinal cords
190
Q

where do interneurons of medial ventral horn temrinate

A

bilaterally

191
Q

where do interneurons of lateral ventral horn temrinate

A

ipsilaterally

192
Q

chemoreceptor trigger zone

A
  • 4th ventricle
  • controls vomitting by giving input to the vomiting center in the medulla
  • gets inputs from 5HT, drugs, preganncy hormones
193
Q

Frontotemporal (Semantic) Dementia

A

Degenerative disease of the frontal and temporal lobes

  • Severe impairments in word comprehension
  • language will be fluent but without content
  • Knowledge about people, places, and things is lost
  • Perceptual discrimination and spatial reasoning abilities are largely intact.
194
Q

what does the basal ganglia have to do with learning?

A

involved in learning stimulus / response association

procedural memory!! unconscious aquisition

REMEMBER THAT BG LESIONS DO NOT CAUSE WEAKNESS

195
Q

prosopangnosia

A

can’t recognize faces

inferior temproal cortex issue

196
Q

whats a reasonable dx for truly mixed UMN/LMN findings

A

ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease

197
Q

what derives from the myelencephalon

A

medulla

198
Q

name some key funcitons of lactate in the brain?

A

can induce signaling in neurons

GPCR on neurons, travels thru gap junctions among astrocytes

substance that is released by skeletal muscles induces supportive effects in the brain thru GPCR

199
Q

MCT

A

transports lactate!!! (both out of the astrocyte (1,2,4) and into the neuron (4)

200
Q

modiolus

A

core of cochlea

contains the spiral ganglion which is where the beginnings of afferent CN VIII

201
Q

what kind of lesion would cause contralateral hemiballismus?

A

subthalamic nucleus

202
Q

nucleus ambiguous

A

IX X and XI

203
Q

PICA infarct supply territory

A

lateral medulla

204
Q

AICA infarct supply territory

A

lateral pons

205
Q
A

Block 5: Neuro (8 decks)

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