Rapid Review Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

How do you interpret the following 95% CI for RR of 0.582: 95% CI 0.502, 0.673

A

These data are consistent with RR ranging from 0.502 to0.673 with 95% confidence

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2
Q

Bias introduced into study when clinician is aware of pt’s Tx type

A

Observational bias

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3
Q

Bias introduced when screening detects a disease earlier and this lengthens the time from Dx to death

A

Lead time bias

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4
Q

If you want to know if geographical location affects infant mortality rate but most variation in infant mortality is predicted by socioeconomic status, than socioeconomic status is a

A

Confounding variable

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5
Q

Proportion of people who have the disease and test positive is the

A

Sensitivity

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6
Q

SEnsitive tests have few false negatives and are used to rule — a disease

A

out

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7
Q

PPD reactivity is used as a screening test because most people with TB (except those who are anergic) will have a positive PPD. HIghly sensitive or specific?

A

Highly sensitive for TB. Screening tests with high sensitivity are good for disease with low prevalence

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8
Q

Chronic disease such as SLE- higher prevalence or incidence?

A

Higher prevalence-

number of cases in given time period/total # in population at that time period

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9
Q

Epidemic such as influenza- higher prevalence or incidence?

A

High incidence

number of new cases/number of ppl in population at risk

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10
Q

Difference between incidence and prevalence?

A

Prevalence: percentage of cases of disease in a population at 1 snapshot in time
Incidence: percentage of new cases of disease that develop over given time period among the total population at risk

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11
Q

Cross sectional survey- incidence or prevalence

A

Prevalence

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12
Q

Cohort study- incidence or prevalence

A

Incidence and prevalence

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13
Q

Case-control study- incidence or prevalence

A

Neither

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14
Q

Describe a test that consistently gives identical results, but results are wrong

A

High reliability/precisions, low validity/accuracy

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15
Q

Difference between cohort and a case control study

A

Cohort: calculate RR, incidence and/or OR

Case-control: calculate OR- estimate of RR when disease prevalence is low

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16
Q

Attributable risk

A

Difference in rosk in exposed and unexposed grouops (risk that is attributable to exposure)

17
Q

Relative risk

A

Incidence in exposed group divided by incidence in nonexposed group

18
Q

Results of hypothetical study found an association between ASA intake and risk of heart disease. How do you interpret RR of 1.5?

A

Pts who took ASA rsk of heart disease was 1.5 times that of pts who did not take ASA

19
Q

Odds ratio

A

Cohort: odds of developing disease in exposed group divided by odds of developing disease in nonexposed group

Case control: odds taht cases were exposed divided by odds that controls were exposed

Cross-sectional: odds that exposed group has disease divided by odds that nonexposed group has disease

20
Q

Results of hypothetical study found an association between ASA intake and risk of heart disease. How do you interpret OR of 1.5?

A

Pts who took ASA, odds of acquiring heart disease were 1.5 times those who did not take ASA

21
Q

Which pts do you initiate colorectal cancer screening early

A

Pts with IBD, FAP, HNPCC

Have first degree relatives with adenomatous polyps (<60 yrs of age) or colorectal cancer

22
Q

Most common cancer in men and most common cause of death in men

A

Cancer: prostate
Death: lung

23
Q

Percentage of cases within 1 SD of mean? 2 SD? 3 SD?

A

68%, 95.4%, 99.7%

24
Q

Birth rate

A

Live births per 100 population in 1 year

25
Q

Mortality rate

A

Deaths per 100 population in 1 year

26
Q

Neonatal mortality rate

A

Death from birth to 28 d per 100 live births per year

27
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

Number of deaths from birth to 1 yrper 1000 live births (neonatal + postnatal mortality) in 1 yr

28
Q

Maternal mortality rate

A

Number of deaths during pregnancy to 90 days postpartum per 100,000 live births in 1 yr