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Rapid-Fire Facts Flashcards

1
Q

MCC neural tube defects

A

folate deficiency

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2
Q

MC preventable cause of congenital malformations in US

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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3
Q

hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation

A

Marfan syndrome

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4
Q

hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss

A

Alport syndrome

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5
Q

“worst headache of my life”

A

SAH

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6
Q

lucid interval following head trauma

A

epidural hematoma

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7
Q

bloody CSF following head trauma

A

epidural hematoma

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8
Q

bloody CSF on LP

A

SAH

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9
Q

MCC subdural hematoma

A

rupture of bridging veins

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10
Q

MCC epidural hematoma

A

rupture of MMA

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11
Q

MCC dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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12
Q

second MCC dementia

A

vascular dementia

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13
Q

extracellular amyloid deposits in gray matter

A

amyloid plaques

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14
Q

intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein

A

neurofibrillary tangles

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15
Q

intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain

A

Pick bodies

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16
Q

treatment for absence seizures

A

ethosuximide

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17
Q

conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze

A

internuclear ophthalmoplegia

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18
Q

degeneration of dorsal columns

A

tabes dorsalis

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19
Q

demyelinating disease in a young woman

A

multiple sclerosis

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20
Q

mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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21
Q

depigmentation of substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s disease

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22
Q

chorea, dementa and atrophy of the caudate and putamen

A

Huntington disease

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23
Q

eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons

A

Lewy bodies

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24
Q

toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument

A

(+) Babinski reflex

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25
Q

amyloid deposits in gray matter of brain

A

senile plaques (Alzheimer’s disease)

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26
Q

drooling farmer

A

organophosphate poisoning

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27
Q

medical treatment for pheochromocytoma

A

alpha antagonists

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28
Q

selective alpha1-antagonist used to treat BPH

A

tamsulosin (or -zosins)

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29
Q

four pharmacokinetic equations

A 
Vd = D/C (Vd: volume of distribution; D: IV drug concentration; C: plasma concentration of drug)
CL = rate of elimination/plasma concentration = (0.7 x Vd)/t1/2 = K x Vd (CL: clearance; K: elimination constant)
LD = Css x Vd (LD: loading dose; Css: concentration at steady state)
MD = Css x CL (MD: maintenance dose)
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30
Q

continuous, machine-like heart murmur

A

PDA

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31
Q

“boot-shaped heart”

A

tetralogy of Fallot

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32
Q

rib notching

A

coarctation of aorta

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33
Q

MC congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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34
Q

MC congenital cause of early cyanosis

A

tetralogy of Fallot

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35
Q

bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur

A

aortic regurgitation

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36
Q

continuous, machine-like murmur

A

PDA

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37
Q

bone enlargement, bone pain, arthritis

A

Paget disease of bone

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38
Q

vertebral compression fractures

A

osteoporosis

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39
Q

positive anterior drawer sign

A

ACL tear

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40
Q

tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox

A

scaphoid fracture

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41
Q

swollen, hard, painful finger joints

A

osteoarthritis

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42
Q

swollen, boggy, painful finger joints

A

rheumatoid arthritis

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43
Q

cartilage erosion with polished bone underneath

A

osteoarthritis

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44
Q

swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint

A

gout (podagra)

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45
Q

positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals

A

pseudogout

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46
Q

negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals

A

gout

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47
Q

bamboo spine on X-ray

A

ankylosing spondylitis

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48
Q

HLA-B27

A

seronegative spondyloarthropathies

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49
Q

pencil-in-cup deformity on X-ray of finger

A

psoriatic arthritis

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50
Q

anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA abs

A

SLE

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51
Q

anti-histone abs

A

drug-induce lupus erythematosis

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52
Q

anti-centromere abs

A

CREST syndrome

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53
Q

anti-topoisomerase abs

A

diffuse systemic scleroderma

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54
Q

anti-Jo-1 abs

A

polymyositis

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55
Q

anti-Ro abs

A

Sjögren syndrome

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56
Q

arthritis, dry mouth, and dry eyes

A

Sjögren syndrome

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57
Q

keratin pearls on skin biopsy

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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58
Q

MC malignant skin tumor

A

basal cell carcinoma

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59
Q

main artery of pelvis

A

internal iliac artery

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60
Q

main nerve of pelvis

A

pudendal nerve

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61
Q

“bag of worms” scrotum

A

varicocele

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62
Q

MC cancer in men

A

prostate cancer

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63
Q

MCC urinary obstruction in men

A

BPH

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64
Q

MC treatment of erectile dysfunction

A

PDE5 inhibitor

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65
Q

hepatic adenoma

A

OCP use

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66
Q

“grape-like” vaginal tumor

A

sarcoma botryoides/embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

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67
Q

koilocytes

A

HPV infection

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68
Q

MC benign tumor in women

A

leiomyoma

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69
Q

“chocolate cyst” of ovary

A

endometriosis

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70
Q

“powder burn” lesion

A

endometriosis

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71
Q

MCC infertility in women

A

PCOS

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72
Q

midcycle pelvic pain associated with ovulation

A

mittelschmerz

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73
Q

ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax

A

Meig’s syndrome

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74
Q

teratoma -> hyperthyroidism

A

struma ovarii

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75
Q

“snowstorm” appearance on ultrasound

A

hydatidiform mole

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76
Q

MC genetic cause of intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

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77
Q

second MC genetic cause of intellectual disability

A

Fragile X syndrome

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78
Q

horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma

A

Turner syndrome (45,XO)

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79
Q

rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw

A

Edward’s syndrome (trisomy 18)

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80
Q

MC cancer in women in U.S.

A

breast cancer

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81
Q

MC benign breast tumor

A

fibroadenoma

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82
Q

MC malignant breast tumor

A

invasive ductal carcinoma

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83
Q

blue dome cyst in breast

A

fibrocystic changes

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84
Q

treatment for ER+ breast cancer

A

tamoxifen

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85
Q

red, itchy, swollen rash on areola and nipple

A

Paget disease of breast

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86
Q

branching, filamentous, Gram+ rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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87
Q

standard treatment for T. pallidum

A

PCN

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88
Q

cellulitis from dog or cat bite

A

Pasteurella multocida

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89
Q

non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion

A

chancre of primary syphilis

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90
Q

moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion

A

condyloma lata of secondary syphilis

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91
Q

large bull’s-eye rash

A

erythema migrans

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92
Q

associated with a Ghon focus or Ghon complex + hilar lymphadenopathy

A

primary TB

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93
Q

associated with lung infiltrate in the apical-posterior segments of upper lobes

A

reactivation TB

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94
Q

standard initial treatment regimen for TB

A

RIPE + pyridoxine (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol)

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95
Q

eczema, recurrent cold abscesses, high serum IgE

A

hyper-IgE syndrome (Job syndrome)

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96
Q

large phagosomal vesicles in neutrophils

A

Chédiak-Higashi disease

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97
Q

newborn with arm paralysis following difficult labor

A

Erb’s palsy

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98
Q

dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia

A

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

99
Q

hematemesis with retching

A

esophageal varices, Mallory-Weiss tear, Boerhaave syndrome

100
Q

mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus

A

signet ring cell

101
Q

MC type of stomach cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

102
Q

ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer

A

Krukenberg tumor

103
Q

gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

104
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma

A

Cushing ulcer

105
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer

106
Q

delayed puberty and anosmia

A

Kallman syndrome

107
Q

weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy and hyperpigmentation

A

Whipple disease

108
Q

anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin antibodies

A

Celiac disease

109
Q

vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects

A

folic acid

110
Q

most common surgical emergency

A

appendicitis

111
Q

severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness

A

McBurney’s sign/point

112
Q

GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of mouth and hands

A

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

113
Q

multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors

A

Gardner syndrome

114
Q

“apple core” lesion on barium enema

A

colon cancer

115
Q

most common site of colonic diverticula

A

sigmoid colon

116
Q

“string sign” on contrast X-ray

A

Crohn’s disease

117
Q

“lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast X-ray

A

ulcerative colitis

118
Q

painless jaundice

A

pancreatic cancer

119
Q

most common cause of acute pancreatitis

A

gallstones and alcohol

120
Q

most common cause of chronic pancreatitis

A

chronic alcohol abuse

121
Q

severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate

A

Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I

122
Q

mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia

A

Gilbert syndrome

123
Q

triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes

A

hepatic steatosis/fatty liver disease

124
Q

eosinophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of hepatocytes

A

Mallory bodies

125
Q

cancer closely linked to cirrhosis

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

126
Q

hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome

127
Q

green/yellow corneal deposits

A

Kayser-Fleischer ring of Wilson disease

128
Q

low serum ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson disease

129
Q

cirrhosis, diabetes and hyperpigmentation

A

hemochromatosis

130
Q

chronic sinusitis, infertility and situs inversus

A

Kartagener syndrome

131
Q

elevated D-dimer

A

PE, DVT

132
Q

hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood

A

Virchow’s triad

133
Q

blue bloater

A

hypoxia, hypercapnia (chronic bronchitis)

134
Q

pink puffer

A

dyspnea, hyperventilation (emphysema)

135
Q

Curschmann spirals

A

shed epithelium from mucus plugs (asthma)

136
Q

bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis

A

sarcoidosis

137
Q

anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture syndrome

138
Q

honeycomb lung on X-ray

A

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

139
Q

“tennis racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles

A

Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)

140
Q

iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)

141
Q

lung cancer associated with SIADH

A

small cell lung cancer

142
Q

tumor associated with Horner syndrome

A

Pancoast tumor

143
Q

lung cancer associated with hypercalcemia

A

squamous cell carcinoma

144
Q

lung cancer associated with Cushing syndrome

A

small cell lung cancer

145
Q

lung cancer associated with weakness

A

small cell lung cancer (Lambert-Eaton syndrome)

146
Q

substances associated with lung cancer

A

cigarette smoke, radon, silica, asbestos

147
Q

chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and persistent fever occurring several weeks after an MI

A

Dressler syndrome

148
Q

splinter hemorrhages under fingernails

A

infective endocarditis

149
Q

retinal hemorrhages with pale centers

A

Roth spots

150
Q

heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis

A

mitral valve

151
Q

heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with infective endocarditis

A

tricuspid valve

152
Q

granulomatous nodules in the heart

A

Aschoff bodies of rheumatic heart disease

153
Q

MC primary cardiac tumor in adults

A

left atrial myxoma

154
Q

MC primary cardiac tumor in children

A

rhabdomyoma

155
Q

MCC constrictive pericarditis

A

U.S.: SLE

rest of the world: TB

156
Q

c-ANCA

A

granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis (Wegener’s granulomatosis)

157
Q

p-ANCA

A

eosinophilic granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)

158
Q

treatment for thromboangiitis obliterans

A

smoking cessation

159
Q

treatment for giant cell arteritis

A

high-dose corticosteroids

160
Q 
equations for:
sensitivity
specificity
PPV
NPV
A

sensitivity: TP/(TP + FN)
specificity: TN/(TN + FP)

PPV: TP/(TP + FP)

NPV: TN/(TN + FN)

161
Q

“strawberry” cervix

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

162
Q

clue cells

A

Gardnerella BV

163
Q

bacteria w/ “school of fish” appearance

A

Haemophilus ducreyi

164
Q

boy w/ self-mutilating behavior, intellectual disability and gout

A

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

165
Q

orotic acid in urine + elevated serum ammonia

A

ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency

166
Q

orotic acid in urine + normal serum ammonia

A

orotic aciduria

167
Q

megaloblastic anemia that doesn’t improve w/ folate and B12

A

orotic aciduria

168
Q

MC class of meds for bulimia nervosa

A

SSRIs

169
Q

MC medication for ADHD

A

methylphenidate (Ritalin)

170
Q

medical tx for alcohol withdrawal

A

benzodiazepines

171
Q

most effective tx for alcohol abuse

A

Alcoholics Anonymous

172
Q

atrophy of mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy

173
Q

tx for central DI

A

desmopression

174
Q

tx for nephrogenic DI

A

HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride

175
Q

tx for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI

A

amiloride

176
Q

bluish-colored lines on gingivae

A

lead lines/Burton’s lines

177
Q

tx of choice for rickets or osteomalacia

A

vitamin D

178
Q

swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on skin

A

scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)

179
Q

most common vitamin deficiency in U.S.

A

B9 (folate)

180
Q

hypersegmented neutrophils

A

megaloblastic anemia (vB9 or vB12 deficiency)

181
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, and polyneuropathy

A

wet beri-beri (vB1 deficiency)

182
Q

inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance

A

Sheehan syndrome (pituitary ischemic infarct following postpartum hemorrhage)

183
Q

infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopsia

A

prolactinoma

184
Q

MCC Cushing syndrome (4)

A

1) exogenous steroid use (iatrogenic)
2) ectopic ACTH secretion
3) ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
4) adrenal tumor that secretes cortisol

185
Q

MCC primary hyperaldosteronism

A

adrenal adenoma (Conn syndrome)

186
Q

medical tx for hyperaldosteronism

A

spironolactone, eplerenone

187
Q

adrenal dz associated w/ skin hyperpigmentation

A

Addison dz

188
Q

HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)

189
Q

MC tumor of adrenal

A

benign, non-functioning adrenal adenoma (incidentaloma)

190
Q

MC tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)

A

pheochromocytoma

191
Q

MC tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)

A

neuroblastoma

192
Q

medical tx for pheochromocytoma

A

nonselective alpha-blocker, then beta-blocker

193
Q

pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidism

A

MEN 2A

194
Q

pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas

A

MEN 2B

195
Q

cold intolerance

A

hypothyroidism

196
Q

most common thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinoma

197
Q

enlarged thyroid cells w/ ground-glass nuclei

A

papillary carcinoma

198
Q

MCC hypercalcemia

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

199
Q

MCC primary hyperparathyroidism

A

parathyroid adenoma

200
Q

MCC secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

chronic renal failure

201
Q

MCC hypoparathyroidism

A

accidental parathyroidectomy (w/ thyroidectomy)

202
Q

facial muscle spasm when tapping on cheek

A

Chvostek sign

203
Q

carpal-pedal spasms w/ inflation of BP cuff

A

Trousseau sign

204
Q

parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors

A

MEN 1

205
Q

preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation

A

heparin or LMWH

206
Q

preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation

A

warfarin

207
Q

preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy

A

heparin or LMWH

208
Q

causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

iron deficiency, thalassemia, lead poisoning, anemia of chronic dz

209
Q

skull X-ray shows “hair-on-end” appearance

A

beta thalassemia

210
Q

basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

lead poisoning

211
Q

painful cyanosis of fingers and toes w/ hemolytic anemia

A

cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia

212
Q

red urine in the morning and fragile RBCs

A

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

213
Q

basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

214
Q

autosplenectomy

A

sickle cell anemia

215
Q

drug used to tx sickle cell disease

A

hydroxyurea (increases HbF)

216
Q

antiplatelet antibodies

A

immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)

217
Q

bleeding disorder w/ gpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome

218
Q

MC inherited bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

219
Q

cancer MC associated w/ noninfectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma (B sx)

220
Q

sheets of lymphoid cells, “starry sky” appearance

A

Burkitt lymphoma

221
Q

large B cells w/ bilobed nuclei and prominent “owl’s eye” inclusions

A

Reed Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma

222
Q

smudge cells

A

CLL

223
Q

reddish-pink rods in cytoplasm of leukemic blasts

A

Auer rods (AML M3 subtype)

224
Q

dark purple lesions on skin in an HIV pt

A

Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8)

225
Q

temporal lobe encephalitis

A

HSV-1

226
Q

“owl eye” inclusions in organ tissue

A

CMV

227
Q

intranuclear eosinophilic droplets

A

type A Cowdry bodies (HSV, VZV, CMV)

228
Q

aplastic anemia in sickle cell pt

A

parvovirus B19

229
Q

child w/ a fever and “slapped cheek” rash on face that spreads to body

A

parvovirus B19 (fifth dz)

230
Q

fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and diffuse rash

A

rubeola (measles)

231
Q

small, irregular, blue-gray spots on buccal mucosa, surrounded by base of red

A

Koplik spots (measles)

232
Q

dark purple nodules on skin of HIV pt

A

Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8)

233
Q

large cells w/ owl eye inclusions

A

CMV

234
Q

tx for CMV

A

ganciclovir

235
Q

MC opportunistic infection in HIV pts

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)

236
Q

drugs used to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia

A

TMP/SMX

237
Q

tx for oral candidiasis

A

nystatin, fluconazole

238
Q

MC opportunistic infection in HIV pts

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

239
Q

prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS pts

A

TMP/SMX

240
Q

tx for systemic candidiasis

A

fluconazole, amphotericin B, echinocandin

241
Q

tx for Sporothrix schenckii

A

itraconazole, potassium iodide

242
Q

ring-enhancing brain lesion in HIV pt

A

Toxoplasma gondii

243
Q

tx for Trichomonas vaginalis

A

metronidazole for pt + sexual contacts

244
Q

MC protozoal diarrhea

A

Giardia lamblia

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