Rapid-Fire Facts Flashcards
MCC neural tube defects
folate deficiency
MC preventable cause of congenital malformations in US
fetal alcohol syndrome
hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation
Marfan syndrome
hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss
Alport syndrome
“worst headache of my life”
SAH
lucid interval following head trauma
epidural hematoma
bloody CSF following head trauma
epidural hematoma
bloody CSF on LP
SAH
MCC subdural hematoma
rupture of bridging veins
MCC epidural hematoma
rupture of MMA
MCC dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
second MCC dementia
vascular dementia
extracellular amyloid deposits in gray matter
amyloid plaques
intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
neurofibrillary tangles
intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain
Pick bodies
treatment for absence seizures
ethosuximide
conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
internuclear ophthalmoplegia
degeneration of dorsal columns
tabes dorsalis
demyelinating disease in a young woman
multiple sclerosis
mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
depigmentation of substantia nigra
Parkinson’s disease
chorea, dementa and atrophy of the caudate and putamen
Huntington disease
eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons
Lewy bodies
toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
(+) Babinski reflex
amyloid deposits in gray matter of brain
senile plaques (Alzheimer’s disease)
drooling farmer
organophosphate poisoning
medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
alpha antagonists
selective alpha1-antagonist used to treat BPH
tamsulosin (or -zosins)
four pharmacokinetic equations
Vd = D/C (Vd: volume of distribution; D: IV drug concentration; C: plasma concentration of drug) CL = rate of elimination/plasma concentration = (0.7 x Vd)/t1/2 = K x Vd (CL: clearance; K: elimination constant) LD = Css x Vd (LD: loading dose; Css: concentration at steady state) MD = Css x CL (MD: maintenance dose)
continuous, machine-like heart murmur
PDA
“boot-shaped heart”
tetralogy of Fallot
rib notching
coarctation of aorta
MC congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
MC congenital cause of early cyanosis
tetralogy of Fallot
bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur
aortic regurgitation
continuous, machine-like murmur
PDA
bone enlargement, bone pain, arthritis
Paget disease of bone
vertebral compression fractures
osteoporosis
positive anterior drawer sign
ACL tear
tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox
scaphoid fracture
swollen, hard, painful finger joints
osteoarthritis
swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
rheumatoid arthritis
cartilage erosion with polished bone underneath
osteoarthritis
swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
gout (podagra)
positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals
pseudogout
negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals
gout
bamboo spine on X-ray
ankylosing spondylitis
HLA-B27
seronegative spondyloarthropathies
pencil-in-cup deformity on X-ray of finger
psoriatic arthritis
anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA abs
SLE
anti-histone abs
drug-induce lupus erythematosis
anti-centromere abs
CREST syndrome
anti-topoisomerase abs
diffuse systemic scleroderma
anti-Jo-1 abs
polymyositis
anti-Ro abs
Sjögren syndrome
arthritis, dry mouth, and dry eyes
Sjögren syndrome
keratin pearls on skin biopsy
squamous cell carcinoma
MC malignant skin tumor
basal cell carcinoma
main artery of pelvis
internal iliac artery
main nerve of pelvis
pudendal nerve
“bag of worms” scrotum
varicocele
MC cancer in men
prostate cancer
MCC urinary obstruction in men
BPH
MC treatment of erectile dysfunction
PDE5 inhibitor
hepatic adenoma
OCP use
“grape-like” vaginal tumor
sarcoma botryoides/embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
koilocytes
HPV infection
MC benign tumor in women
leiomyoma
“chocolate cyst” of ovary
endometriosis
“powder burn” lesion
endometriosis
MCC infertility in women
PCOS
midcycle pelvic pain associated with ovulation
mittelschmerz
ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax
Meig’s syndrome
teratoma -> hyperthyroidism
struma ovarii
“snowstorm” appearance on ultrasound
hydatidiform mole
MC genetic cause of intellectual disability
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
second MC genetic cause of intellectual disability
Fragile X syndrome
horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw
Edward’s syndrome (trisomy 18)
MC cancer in women in U.S.
breast cancer
MC benign breast tumor
fibroadenoma
MC malignant breast tumor
invasive ductal carcinoma
blue dome cyst in breast
fibrocystic changes
treatment for ER+ breast cancer
tamoxifen
red, itchy, swollen rash on areola and nipple
Paget disease of breast
branching, filamentous, Gram+ rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
standard treatment for T. pallidum
PCN
cellulitis from dog or cat bite
Pasteurella multocida
non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
chancre of primary syphilis
moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion
condyloma lata of secondary syphilis
large bull’s-eye rash
erythema migrans
associated with a Ghon focus or Ghon complex + hilar lymphadenopathy
primary TB
associated with lung infiltrate in the apical-posterior segments of upper lobes
reactivation TB
standard initial treatment regimen for TB
RIPE + pyridoxine (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol)
eczema, recurrent cold abscesses, high serum IgE
hyper-IgE syndrome (Job syndrome)
large phagosomal vesicles in neutrophils
Chédiak-Higashi disease
newborn with arm paralysis following difficult labor
Erb’s palsy
dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
hematemesis with retching
esophageal varices, Mallory-Weiss tear, Boerhaave syndrome
mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus
signet ring cell
MC type of stomach cancer
adenocarcinoma
ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer
Krukenberg tumor
gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma
Cushing ulcer
acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer
delayed puberty and anosmia
Kallman syndrome
weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy and hyperpigmentation
Whipple disease
anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin antibodies
Celiac disease
vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
folic acid
most common surgical emergency
appendicitis
severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
McBurney’s sign/point
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of mouth and hands
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
Gardner syndrome
“apple core” lesion on barium enema
colon cancer
most common site of colonic diverticula
sigmoid colon
“string sign” on contrast X-ray
Crohn’s disease
“lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast X-ray
ulcerative colitis
painless jaundice
pancreatic cancer
most common cause of acute pancreatitis
gallstones and alcohol
most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
chronic alcohol abuse
severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate
Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I
mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert syndrome
triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes
hepatic steatosis/fatty liver disease
eosinophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of hepatocytes
Mallory bodies
cancer closely linked to cirrhosis
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites
Budd-Chiari syndrome
green/yellow corneal deposits
Kayser-Fleischer ring of Wilson disease
low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson disease
cirrhosis, diabetes and hyperpigmentation
hemochromatosis
chronic sinusitis, infertility and situs inversus
Kartagener syndrome
elevated D-dimer
PE, DVT
hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood
Virchow’s triad
blue bloater
hypoxia, hypercapnia (chronic bronchitis)
pink puffer
dyspnea, hyperventilation (emphysema)
Curschmann spirals
shed epithelium from mucus plugs (asthma)
bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
sarcoidosis
anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture syndrome
honeycomb lung on X-ray
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
“tennis racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)
iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)
lung cancer associated with SIADH
small cell lung cancer
tumor associated with Horner syndrome
Pancoast tumor
lung cancer associated with hypercalcemia
squamous cell carcinoma
lung cancer associated with Cushing syndrome
small cell lung cancer
lung cancer associated with weakness
small cell lung cancer (Lambert-Eaton syndrome)
substances associated with lung cancer
cigarette smoke, radon, silica, asbestos
chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and persistent fever occurring several weeks after an MI
Dressler syndrome
splinter hemorrhages under fingernails
infective endocarditis
retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth spots
heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis
mitral valve
heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with infective endocarditis
tricuspid valve
granulomatous nodules in the heart
Aschoff bodies of rheumatic heart disease
MC primary cardiac tumor in adults
left atrial myxoma
MC primary cardiac tumor in children
rhabdomyoma
MCC constrictive pericarditis
U.S.: SLE
rest of the world: TB
c-ANCA
granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis (Wegener’s granulomatosis)
p-ANCA
eosinophilic granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)
treatment for thromboangiitis obliterans
smoking cessation
treatment for giant cell arteritis
high-dose corticosteroids
equations for: sensitivity specificity PPV NPV
sensitivity: TP/(TP + FN)
specificity: TN/(TN + FP)
PPV: TP/(TP + FP)
NPV: TN/(TN + FN)
“strawberry” cervix
Trichomonas vaginalis
clue cells
Gardnerella BV
bacteria w/ “school of fish” appearance
Haemophilus ducreyi
boy w/ self-mutilating behavior, intellectual disability and gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
orotic acid in urine + elevated serum ammonia
ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency
orotic acid in urine + normal serum ammonia
orotic aciduria
megaloblastic anemia that doesn’t improve w/ folate and B12
orotic aciduria
MC class of meds for bulimia nervosa
SSRIs
MC medication for ADHD
methylphenidate (Ritalin)
medical tx for alcohol withdrawal
benzodiazepines
most effective tx for alcohol abuse
Alcoholics Anonymous
atrophy of mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy
tx for central DI
desmopression
tx for nephrogenic DI
HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride
tx for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI
amiloride
bluish-colored lines on gingivae
lead lines/Burton’s lines
tx of choice for rickets or osteomalacia
vitamin D
swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on skin
scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)
most common vitamin deficiency in U.S.
B9 (folate)
hypersegmented neutrophils
megaloblastic anemia (vB9 or vB12 deficiency)
dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, and polyneuropathy
wet beri-beri (vB1 deficiency)
inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance
Sheehan syndrome (pituitary ischemic infarct following postpartum hemorrhage)
infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopsia
prolactinoma
MCC Cushing syndrome (4)
1) exogenous steroid use (iatrogenic)
2) ectopic ACTH secretion
3) ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
4) adrenal tumor that secretes cortisol
MCC primary hyperaldosteronism
adrenal adenoma (Conn syndrome)
medical tx for hyperaldosteronism
spironolactone, eplerenone
adrenal dz associated w/ skin hyperpigmentation
Addison dz
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
MC tumor of adrenal
benign, non-functioning adrenal adenoma (incidentaloma)
MC tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)
pheochromocytoma
MC tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)
neuroblastoma
medical tx for pheochromocytoma
nonselective alpha-blocker, then beta-blocker
pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidism
MEN 2A
pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas
MEN 2B
cold intolerance
hypothyroidism
most common thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
enlarged thyroid cells w/ ground-glass nuclei
papillary carcinoma
MCC hypercalcemia
primary hyperparathyroidism
MCC primary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma
MCC secondary hyperparathyroidism
chronic renal failure
MCC hypoparathyroidism
accidental parathyroidectomy (w/ thyroidectomy)
facial muscle spasm when tapping on cheek
Chvostek sign
carpal-pedal spasms w/ inflation of BP cuff
Trousseau sign
parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors
MEN 1
preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation
heparin or LMWH
preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation
warfarin
preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy
heparin or LMWH
causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia
iron deficiency, thalassemia, lead poisoning, anemia of chronic dz
skull X-ray shows “hair-on-end” appearance
beta thalassemia
basophilic stippling of RBCs
lead poisoning
painful cyanosis of fingers and toes w/ hemolytic anemia
cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia
red urine in the morning and fragile RBCs
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies
autosplenectomy
sickle cell anemia
drug used to tx sickle cell disease
hydroxyurea (increases HbF)
antiplatelet antibodies
immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
bleeding disorder w/ gpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
MC inherited bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
cancer MC associated w/ noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma (B sx)
sheets of lymphoid cells, “starry sky” appearance
Burkitt lymphoma
large B cells w/ bilobed nuclei and prominent “owl’s eye” inclusions
Reed Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma
smudge cells
CLL
reddish-pink rods in cytoplasm of leukemic blasts
Auer rods (AML M3 subtype)
dark purple lesions on skin in an HIV pt
Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8)
temporal lobe encephalitis
HSV-1
“owl eye” inclusions in organ tissue
CMV
intranuclear eosinophilic droplets
type A Cowdry bodies (HSV, VZV, CMV)
aplastic anemia in sickle cell pt
parvovirus B19
child w/ a fever and “slapped cheek” rash on face that spreads to body
parvovirus B19 (fifth dz)
fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and diffuse rash
rubeola (measles)
small, irregular, blue-gray spots on buccal mucosa, surrounded by base of red
Koplik spots (measles)
dark purple nodules on skin of HIV pt
Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8)
large cells w/ owl eye inclusions
CMV
tx for CMV
ganciclovir
MC opportunistic infection in HIV pts
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)
drugs used to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia
TMP/SMX
tx for oral candidiasis
nystatin, fluconazole
MC opportunistic infection in HIV pts
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS pts
TMP/SMX
tx for systemic candidiasis
fluconazole, amphotericin B, echinocandin
tx for Sporothrix schenckii
itraconazole, potassium iodide
ring-enhancing brain lesion in HIV pt
Toxoplasma gondii
tx for Trichomonas vaginalis
metronidazole for pt + sexual contacts
MC protozoal diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
