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Mnemonics Galore! Flashcards

1
Q

SNNOUT

A

sensitivity

highly SeNsitive test, when Negative, rules OUT dz

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2
Q

SPPIN

A

highly SPecific test, when Positive, rules IN dz

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3
Q

type I (alpha) error

A

you sAw a difference that didn’t exist (eg, convicting an innocent man)

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4
Q

type II (beta) error

A

you were Blind to the truth (eg, setting a guilty man free)

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5
Q

PST

A

disease prevention

primary: prevent
secondary: screen
tertiary: tx

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6
Q

4 parts of Medicare

A

Part A: hospitAl insurance
Part B: Basic medical Bills (eg, doctor’s fees, dxic testing)
Part C: (Parts A+B) delivered by approved private Companies
Part D: prescription Drugs

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7
Q

Sex, Drugs, & Rock & roll

A

situations in which parental consent usually not required for minors
Sex (contraception, STIs, pregnancy)
Drugs (addiction, tx for child of minor)
Rock & roll (emergency/trauma)
abortion does require at minimum parental notification in most states

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8
Q

GAG

A

amino acids necessary for purine synthesis

Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine

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9
Q

HGPRT

A

sx of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (defective HGPRT)
Hyperuricemia (“orange sand” in diaper), Gout, Pissed off (aggression, self-mutilation), Retardation (intellectual disability), dysTonia

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10
Q

eukaryotic DNA polymerases

A

Alpha - lAgging strand
Beta - Base excision repair
Delta - leaDing strand
GaMMa - Mitochondrial DNA (or gamma for “Gramma”)

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11
Q

APE

A

positions of active sites on ribosome
A site - incoming Aminoacyl-tRNA
P site - accommodates growing Peptide
E site - holds Empty tRNA as it Exits

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12
Q

Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly

A

drugs that act on microtubules
Mebendazole (antihelminthic)
Griseofulvin (antifungal)
Colchicine (antigout)
Vincristine/Vinblastine (anticancer) - destabilize/inhibit MT formation
Paclitaxel (anticancer) - hyperstabilizes MTs

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13
Q

SCAB or Be (So Totally) Cool, Read Books

A

types of collagen
Type I: Bone, Skin, Tendon, dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair
Type II: Cartilage (including hyaline), vitreous body, nucleus pulposus
Type III: Reticulin - skin, blood vessels uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue
Type IV: Basement membrane, basal lamina, lens

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14
Q

SNoW DRoP or Down South, Pools in the West, and Rhode Island to the North

A

different blotting procedures
Southern blot: DNA sample, DNA probe
Western blot: protein sample, labeled antibody probe
Northern blot: RNA sample, DNA probe
Southwestern blot: DNA-binding protein sample (eg, transcription factor), labeled oligonucleotide probe

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15
Q

Cs of Huntington disease

A 
trinucleotide repeat: CAG 
Cuatro (chromosome 4)
Cuarenta (median age of onset)
Choreiform movements
Caudate atrophy
Cognitive decline
decreased ACh in brain
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16
Q

Oblivious Female Will Give Her Boys Her x-Linked Disorders…Oops

A

X-linked disorders! (duh)
Ocular albinism, Fabry dz, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, G6PD deficiency, Hemophilia A and B, Bruton agammaglobulinemia, Hunter syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Duchenne (and Becker) muscular Dystrophy, Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

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17
Q

X-Girlfriend’s First Aid Helped Ace My Test

A 
trinucleotide repeat conditions and which mutations
Fragile X syndrome: (CGG)n
Friedreich ataxia: (GAA)n
Huntington dz: (CAG)n
Myotonic dystrophy: (CTG)n
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18
Q

CATCH-22

A 
DiGeorge syndrome!
microdeletion at chromosome 22q11
Cleft palate
Abnormal facies
Thymic aplasia -> T cell deficiency
Cardiac defects
Hypocalcemia (d/t parathyroid aplasia)
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19
Q

FLAMES

A 
findings of kwashiorkor
Fatty Liver
Anemia/Anasarca
Malnutrition
Edema
Skin lesions
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20
Q

HUGs take two

A

biosynthetic processes that take place in both cytoplasm and mitochondria
Heme synthesis, Urea cycle, Gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

Citrate Is Krebs’ Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate

A 
order of substrates in TCA cycle
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
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22
Q

Spleen Purges Nasty Inclusions From Damaged Cells

A 
substances that induce hemolysis in G6PD deficiency
Sulfonamides
Primaquine
Nitrofurantoin
Isoniazid
Fava beans
Dapsone
Chloroquine
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23
Q

PriVaTe TIM HaLL

A 
essential amino acids
Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Lysine
Leucine
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24
Q

Ordinarily, Careless Crappers Are Also Frivolous About Urination

A 
order of substrates in urea cycle
Ornithine
Carbamoyl phosphate
Citrulline
Aspartate
Argininosuccinate
Fumarate
Arginine
Urea
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25
Q

I Love Vermont maple syrup from maple trees w/ branches

A

maple syrup urine dz

blocked degradation of branched chain aas (Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine) d/t decreased alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase

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26
Q

Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies

A 
encapsulated organisms
E. coli (some)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria meningitidis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae B
Salmonella
Group B strep species
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27
Q

These Microbes May Lack Real Color

A

bugs that don’t Gram stain well
Treponema pallidum (too thin)
Mycobacteria (mycolic acids)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella pneumophila (primarily intracellular)
Rickettsia (intracellular parasite)
Chlamydia (intracellular parasite; low muramic acid)

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28
Q

ENDOTOXIN

A 
effects of endotoxin (LPS, G- bacteria)
Edema
Nitric oxide
DIC/Death
Outer membrane
TNF-alpha
O-antigen
eXtremely heat stable
IL-1
Neutrophil chemotaxis
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29
Q

ABCDE bacterial toxins

A 
bacterial toxins encoded in lysogenic phage
shigA-like toxin
Botulinum toxin (certain strains)
Cholera toxin
Diphtheria toxin
Erythrogenic toxin of S. pyogenes
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30
Q

MOPS

A 
Strep pneumo is MCC of:
Meningitis
Otitis media (in children)
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
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31
Q

JONES

A 
major criteria for acute rheumatic fever
Joints - polyarthritis
O (heart) - pancarditis
Nodules - subcutaneous and Aschoff bodies (nodules)
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham chorea
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32
Q

a key Lyme pie to the FACE

A 
cardinal sx of Lyme dz
Facial nerve palsy (typically b/l)
Arthritis
Cardiac block
Erythema chronicum migrans
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33
Q

VDRL

A

things that give false-positive VDRL results
Viral infection (mono, hepatitis, EBV)
Drugs
Rheumatic fever
Lupus and Leprosy (really all autoimmune dzs)
(pregnancy, too)

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34
Q

you drive Kawasaki CARS w/ your hands and feet

A 
conditions that cause palm/sole rashes
Kawasaki dz
Coxsackie A
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Secondary Syphilis
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35
Q

black flies, black skin nodules, black sight

A

findings of Onchocerca volvulus infection

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36
Q

you’ll get sick if you EATT these!

A

nematodes acquired through ingestion

Enterobius, Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichinella

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37
Q

these get into your feet from the SANd

A

nematodes acquired through cutaneous infection

Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator

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38
Q

lay LOW to avoid getting bitten

A

nematodes acquired through bites

Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti

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39
Q

Attention Slowpokes! Please Vaccinate Young Infants w/ MMR Regularly

A

live attenuated vaccines

Smallpox, Polio (Sabin - oral), VZV (chickenpox), Yellow fever, Influenza (intranasal), MMR, Rotavirus

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40
Q

RIP Always

A

killed vaccines

Rabies, Influenza (injected), Polio (Salk - injected), HAV

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41
Q

give PAPP smears and CPR to a naked Heppy

A

naked (nonenveloped) viruses
DNA: Papillomavirus, Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Polyomavirus
RNA: Calicivirus, Picornavirus, Reovirus, Hepevirus

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42
Q

PERCH viruses

A

picornaviruses

Poliovirus, Echovirus, Rotavirus, Coxsackievirus, HAV

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43
Q

Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication

A

negative stranded viruses, must bring own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses, Paramyxoviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, Filoviruses, Rhabdoviruses

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44
Q

can’t see, can’t pee, can’t hear a buzzing bee

A

Alport syndrome (mutation in collagen IV)

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45
Q

the terrible Ts

A

anterior mediastinal masses

Thymoma, Teratoma, Thyroid cancer, (terrible) lymphoma

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46
Q

ampicillin/amoxicillin HHEELPSS kill enterococci

A

extended coverage offered by aminopenicillins

Hib, H. pyloria, E. coli, Enterococci, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella

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47
Q

LAME

A

organisms typically not covered by cephalosporins
Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA, Enterococci
ceftaroline covers MRSA

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48
Q

PEcK

A

1st gen cephalosporin (cefazolin, cephalexin) coverage

Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella

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49
Q

HEN PEcKS

A

2nd gen cephalosporin (cefoxitin, cefaclor, cefuroxime) coverage
Hib, Enterobacter, Neisseria spp., Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia

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50
Q

VACUUM THe BedRoom

A

bugs covered by tetracyclines
Vibrio, Acne, Chlamydia, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Tularemia, H. pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia rickettsii

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51
Q

MACRO

A

ADRs of macrolides

GI Motility issues, Arrhythmia (QT prolongation), acute Cholestatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsinophilia

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52
Q

GET GAP on the Metro

A

bugs covered by metronidazole

Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas, Gardnerella, Anaerobes (Bacteroides, C. diff), H. Pylori (part of triple tx)

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53
Q

4 Rs of rifampin

A

RNA polymerase inhibitor
Ramps up microsomal CYP450
Red/orange body fluids
Rapid resistance if used alone

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54
Q

HCV tx is SRS business

A

Simeprevir, Ribavirin, Sofosbuvir

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55
Q

SAFe Children and Moms Take Really Good Care

A 
antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy
Sulfonamides (kernicterus)
Aminoglycosides (ototoxicity)
FQs (cartilage damage)
Clarithromycin (embryotoxic)
Metronidazole (mutagenesis)
Tetracyclines (discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth)
Ribavirin (teratogenic)
Griseofulvin (teratogenic)
Chloramphenicol (gray baby syndrome)
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56
Q

PAIR

A 
seronegative arthropathies (all HLA-B27 related)
Psoriatic arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Inflammatory bowel dz associated arthritis, Reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome)
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57
Q

rule of 8

A

MHC I x CD8 = 8

MHC II x CD4 = 8

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58
Q

Medical Doctor Gave Extra Antibody

A

order of isotype switching in B cells
IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA
once a type has been surpassed, can never create that type again

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59
Q

Hot T-BONE stEAK

A

cytokines and what they do
IL-1: fever (hot)
IL-2: stimulates T cells
IL-3: stimulates BONE marrow
IL-4: stimulates IgE (and IgG) production
IL-5: stimulates IgA (and eosinophil) production
IL-6: stimulates aKute-phase protein production

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60
Q

To Be Healed Very Rapidly

A

preformed abs given w/ these exposures

Tetanus toxin, Botulinum toxin, HBV, Varicella, Rabies

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61
Q

ABCD

A 
hypersensitivity types
type I: Anaphylactic/Atopic
type II: antiBody mediated
type III: immune Complex mediated
type IV: Delayed (T-cell mediated)
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62
Q

As of selective IgA deficiency

A 
mostly Asymptomatic
Airway/GI infections
Autoimmune dz
Atopy
Anaphylaxis to IgA containing products (eg, blood transfusion)
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63
Q

FATED

A

autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (Job syndrome)
coarse Facies
cold (noninflamed) staphylococcal Abscesses
retained primary Teeth
increased IgE
Dermatologic problems (eczema)

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64
Q

ATAXIA

A 
ataxia-telangiectasia
Ataxia (Atrophy of cerebellum)
Telangiectasia/Tracking eye difficulties
Acute leukemia/lymphoma (and breast cancer)
X-ray sensitivity
IgA deficiency/Infections
AFP increased
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65
Q

WAITER

A 
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Wiskott-Aldrich
Immunodeficiency (inability to T cells to reorganize actin cytoskeleton)
Thrombocytopenic purpura
Eczema
Recurrent infections
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66
Q

Potentially Really High (Lethal) Hematocrit

A

tumors that produce EPO -> polycythemia

Pheochromocytoma, RCC, HCC, Leiomyoma, Hemangioblastoma

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67
Q

PSaMMoma

A

neoplasms w/ psammoma bodies

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid, Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary, Meningioma, Malignant mesothelioma

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68
Q

Lots of Bad Stuff Kill Glia

A

tumors that send mets to brain

Lung > Breast > (Prostate) > Skin (melanoma) > Kidney > GI

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69
Q

Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver

A

tumors that send mets to liver

Colon&raquo_space; Stomach > Pancreas > Breast > Lung

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70
Q

BLT w/ a Kosher Pickle

A

tumors that send mets to bone

Breast (mixed), Lung (mixed), Thyroid (lytic), Kidney (lytic), Prostate (blastic)

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71
Q

PEA

A

drugs eliminated by 0 order kinetics (a pea is round, shaped like “0” in 0 order)
Phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin

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72
Q

TITE

A

therapeutic index calculation

Therapeutic Index = TD50/ED50

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73
Q

Cutesies HAVe 1 M&M

A

receptors that use Gq/protein kinase C

H1, alpha1, V1, M1, M3

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74
Q

MAD 2s

A

receptors that use Gi

M2, alpha2, D2

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75
Q

Grandma Doesn’t Remember

A

indirect ACh agonists/AChEIs

Galantamine, Donepezil, Rivastigmine

76
Q

DUMBBELSS

A

effects of organophosphates/muscarinic agonists
Diarrhea/Diaphoresis, Urination, Miosis, Bronchospasm/Bronchorrhea, Bradycardia, Excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS/Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation

77
Q

On The Darn Toilet Seat

A

muscarinic antagonists used to reduce bladder spasms and for urge incontinence (overactive bladder)
Oxybutynin, Tolterodine, Darifenacin, Trospium, Solifenacin

78
Q

Hot as a hare, Dry as a bone, Red as a beet, Blind as a bat, Mad as a hatter, Bloated as a toad, Tachy as a polyester suit

A

effects of atropine (antimuscarinic) toxicity (basically anti-DUMBBeLSS)

79
Q

Taking Pills Necessitates Having blood Checked

A

drugs that cause hyperglycemia

Tacrolimus, Protease inhibitors, Niacin, HCTZ, Corticosteroids

80
Q

Drugs Causing A Violent Abdominal Distress

A

drugs that cause pancreatitis

Didanosine, Corticosteroids, Alcohol, Valproic acid, Azathioprine, Diuretics (furosemide, HCTZ)

81
Q

Gangs CCCrush Myeloblasts and Promyelocytes

A

drugs that cause agranulocytosis

Ganciclovir, Clozapine, Carbamazepine, Colchicine, Methimazole, PTU

82
Q

Can’t Make New Blood Cells Properly

A

drugs that cause aplastic anemia

Carbamazepine, Methimazole, NSAIDs, Benzene, Chloramphenicol, PTU

83
Q

Fat PiG

A

drugs that cause lipodystrophy

Protease inhibitors, GCs

84
Q

Painful Tophi and Feet Need Care

A

drugs that cause hyperuricemia

Pryazinamide, Thiazides, Furosemide, Niacin, Cyclosporine

85
Q

SAT For Photo

A

drugs that cause photosensitivity

Sulfonamides, Amiodarone, Tetracyclines, 5-FU

86
Q

having lupus is SHIPP-E

A

drugs that cause drug-induced lupus

Sulfa drugs, Hydralazine, INH, Procainamide, Phenytoin, Etanercept

87
Q

Guinness, Coronas, and PBRS cause chronic alcoholism

A

inducers of CYP450
Griseofulvin, Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Barbiturates, Rifampin, St. John’s wort, chronic alcoholism
(also nevirapine, ginseng, green veggies, and OCPs)

88
Q

CRACK AMIGOS

A

inhibitors of CYP450
Cimetidine, Ritonavir/PIs, Amiodarone, Ciprofloxacin, Ketoconazole, Acute alcohol ingestion, Macrolides (except azithromycin), INH, Grapefruit juice, Omeprazole, Sulfonamides/Streptogramins
(also NSAIDs, cranberry juice, ginkgo biloba, vE, T3/T4, SSRIs)

89
Q

Sulfa Pills Frequently Cause Terribly Severe Allergy Sx

A

sulfa drugs

Sulfonamide abx, Probenecid, Furosemide, Celecoxib, Thiazides, Sulfasalazine, Acetazolamide, Sulfonylureas

90
Q

Young Liver Synthesizes Blood

A 
fetal erythropoiesis occurs in:
Yolk sace (3-8 weeks)
Liver (6 weeks-birth)
Spleen (10-28 weeks)
Bone marrow (18 weeks to adult)
in kids, long and flat bones; in adults, axial skeleton
91
Q

ABCDE

A

drug-induced long QT syndrome
antiArrhythmics (class Ia, III)
antiBiotics (eg, macrolides, chloroquine)
anti”C”ycotics (eg, haloperidol, risperidone)
antiDepressants (eg, TCAs)
antiEmetics (eg, ondansetron)
methadone, -navirs also do this

92
Q

if you’re DUMPT, you’re heartbroken

A

5 lethal causes of CP

Dissection (aorta), Unstable angina, MI, PE, tension PTX

93
Q

use a LEASH to restrict your dog

A 
major causes of restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy
Loffler syndrome (endomyocardial fibrosis w/ prominent eosinophilic infiltrate), Endocardial fibroelastosis (young children), Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis, Hemochromatosis
94
Q

JONES PEACE

A

major and minor criteria for rheumatic fever
Joints (migratory polyarthritis), “O” (pancarditis), Nodules (subcutaneous), Erythema marginatum (serpiginous), Sydenham chorea (St. Vitus’ dance)
Prolonged PR interval, Elevated temperature (fever), Arthralgia, elevated CRP, elevated ESR

95
Q

CRASH and burn

A

sx of Kawasaki dz
Conjunctival injection, Rash (polymorphous -> desquamating), Adenopathy (cervical), Strawberry tongue (oral mucositis), Hand-foot changes (edema, erythema), fever

96
Q

Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine

A

antihypertensives that are approved for use during pregnancy

Hydralazine, Methyldopa, Labetalol, Nifedipine

97
Q

BanDAIDS

A 
class III antiarrhythmics
Bretylium, Dofetilide, Amiodarone, Ibutilide, Dronedarone, Sotalol
98
Q

FLAT PiG

A

hormones released by anterior pituitary

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, MSH (“i”ntermediate), GH

99
Q

FLAT ChAMP

A

hormones that utilize cAMP (Gs and Gi)
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH
also calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon

100
Q

GOAT HAG

A

hormones that utilize IP3 (Gq)

GnRH, Oxytoxcin, ADH (V1), TRH, Histamine (H1), ANGII, Gastrin

101
Q

PIGGlET

A

hormones that use receptor-associated tyrosine kinase/JAK/STAT pathway
Prolactin, Immunomodulators (eg, cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IFN), GH, G-CSF, EPO, TPO

102
Q

BAM, CUSHINGOID

A

sx of cortisol excess/glucocorticoid use
Buffalo hump, Amenorrhea, Moon facies, Crazy, Ulcers, Skin changes (striae), Hypertension, Infections, Necrosis of femoral head, Glaucoma, Osteoporosis, Immunosuppression, Diabetes (insulin resistance)

103
Q

rule of 10s

A

pheochromocytoma

10% malignant, 10% b/l, 10% extra-adrenal, 10% calcify, 10% in children

104
Q

5 Ps of pheochromocytoma

A

common sx in pheohromocytoma

Pressure (HTN), Pain (HA), Perspiration, Palpitations (tachycardia), Pallor

105
Q

6 Ps of congenital hypothyroidism

A

formerly cretinism

Pot-bellied, Pale, Puffy-faced child, Protruding umbilicus, Protuberant tongue, Poor brain development

106
Q

stones, bones, groans, moans, thrones, and psychiatric overtones

A

sx of hypercalcemia (and hyperparathryoidism)
Stones: kidney stones (calcium phosphate/oxalate)
Bones: bone pain from Ca2+ reabsorption -> osteoporosis
Groans: lethargy, fatigue
Moans: abdominal pain, constipation, peptic ulcers
Thrones: polyuria, polydipsia
Psychiatric overtones: confusion, depression, anxiety, hallucinations, irritability, etc.

107
Q

CHIMPANZEES

A

causes of hypercalcemia
Calcium supplementation, HCTZ/thiazide diuretics, Iatrogenic/Immobilization, MM/Milk alkali syndrome/Medication (eg, lithium), Parathyroid hyperplasia/adenoma, Alcohol, Neoplasm, ZE syndrome, Excess vA, Excess vD, Sarcoidosis

108
Q

4 Ds of glucagonoma

A

dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema), diabetes (hyperglycemia), DVT, depression

109
Q

rule of 1/3s

A

carcinoid syndrome

1/3 metastasize, 1/3 present w/ second malignancy, 1/3 multiple

110
Q

SADPUCKER

A

retroperitoneal structures
Suprarenal glands, Aorta (and IVC), Duodenum (2nd-4th parts), Pancreas (except tail), Ureters, Colon (descending and ascending), Kidneys, Esophagus, Rectum

111
Q

NAVY

A

order of femoral structures from lateral to medial

Nerve, Artery, Vein, Yin-Yang

112
Q

WDHA syndrome

A

also called VIPoma

Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, Achlorhydria

113
Q

Foamy Whipped cream in a CAN

A

sx of Whipple dz
foamy macrophages in lamina propria (intestine), Cardiac sx, Arthralgias, Neurologic sx
also weight loss, lymphadenopathy, hyperpigmentation

114
Q

ULCCCERS

A

sx of ulcerative colitis
Ulcers, Large intestine, Continuous, Colorectal carcinoma, Crypt abscesses, Extends proximally, Red diarrhea, Sclerosing cholangitis

115
Q

5 2s of Meckel diverticulum

A

2 inches long, 2 feet from ileocecal valve, 2% of population, commonly presents in first 2 years of life, may have 2 types of epithelia (gastric/pancreatic)

116
Q

SBO ABCs

A

causes of small bowel obstruction

Adhesions (~75%), Bulge (hernia - 2nd MC), Cancer (MC mets from colon)

117
Q

3-2-1 rule

A

making dx of Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)

3 relatives w/ Lynch syndrome, associated cancers across 2 generations, 1 of whom must be dx’d before 50

118
Q

5 Fs of cholelithiasis

A

Female, Fat, Forty, Fertile, Flatulent!

119
Q

PANCREATITIS

A 
causes of (you guessed it!) pancreatitis
hyperParathyroidism, Alcohol, Neoplasm, Cholelithiasis, Rx, ERCP, Abdominal surgery/Autoimmune, hyperTriglyceridemia, Infection (mumps), Trauma, Idiopathic, Scorpion sting
120
Q

CANADA-P

A

causes of eosinophilia
Collagen vascular dz, Atopic dzs, Neoplasm, Adrenal insufficiency, Drugs, Acute interstitial nephritis, Parasites
also Loeffler eosinophilic pneumonitis, HIV, hyper-IgE syndrome, coccidiomycosis, etc.

121
Q

“HALT,” said the hunter to his target

A

causes of target cells

HbC dz, Asplenia, Liver dz, Thalassemia

122
Q

LEAD sucks

A

sx and tx of lead poisoning
Lead Lines on gingivae (Burton lines) an on metaphyses of long bones, Encephalopathy and Erythrocyte basophilic stippling, Abdomial colic and sideroblastic Anemia, wrist and foot Drop, Dimercaprol and EDTA both 1st line, succimer (sucks) used for kids

123
Q

5 Ps of AIP

A 
sx of AIP
Painful abdomen (neuropathic), Port wine-colored urine, Polyneuropathy, Psychological disturbances, Precipitated by drugs
124
Q

Nasty Fever Torched His Kidneys or FAT RN

A

sx of TTP
Neurologic sx, Fever, Thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic Hemolytic anemia (MAHA), Renal sx
classic presentation: childbearing age woman w/ stroke, renal sx, MAHA, increased BUN/Cr

125
Q

DIC

A

causes of DIC

Delivery, Infection (G- sepsis), Cancer (adenocarcinoma, AML M3/APL)

126
Q

CRAB

A

sx of MM

hyperCalcemia, Renal involvement, Anemia (interference w/ other cell line maturation), Bone lytic lesions/Back pain

127
Q

1 slow fat red ox, 2 fast skinny white breasts

A

differentiating the types of muscle fibers
type 1: slow twitch, use fat for energy (oxidative phosphorylation), red d/t lots of mitochondria/myoglobin
type 2: fast twitch, use glucose for energy (anaerobic), white d/t little mitochondria/myoglobin

128
Q

ASEPTIC

A

causes of osteonecrosis/avascular necrosis
Alcoholism, SCD, Storage, Exogenous/Endogenous corticosteroids, Pancreatitis, Trauma, Idiopathic (Legg-Calve-Perthes dz), Caisson (“the bends”)

129
Q

can’t see, can’t spit, can’t climb up shit

A

triad of Sjogren syndrome

xerophthalmia, xerostomia, arthritis

130
Q

can’t see, can’t pee, can’t climb a tree

A

triad of reactive arthritis (seronegative spondyloarthropathy)
conjunctivitis and anterior uveitis, urethritis, arthritis

131
Q

RASH OR PAIN

A

sx of SLE
Rash (malar or discoid), Arthritis (synovitis - looks like RA), Soft tissues/Serositis, Hematologic disorders (eg, cytopenias, warm IgG), Oral/nasopharyngeal ulcers, Renal dz/Raynaud phenomenon, Photosensitivity/Positive VDRL/RPR, Antinuclear abs, Immunosuppressants/Immune disorders, Neurologic disorders

132
Q

A GRUELING Disease

A

sx of sarcoidosis
ACE increased, Granulomas, Rheumatoid arthritis, Uveitis, Erythema nodosum, Lymphadenopathy, Idiopathic, Noncaseating granulomas, Gammaglobulinemia, increased vD

133
Q

CREST syndrome

A

Calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, Esophageal dysmotility, Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasia

134
Q

Come, Let’s Get Sun Burned!

A

layers of epidermis (superficial -> deep)

Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale

135
Q

DAMN is a vulgar word

A

sx of pemphigus vulgaris

Desmosomes, Acantholysis, Mouth involvement, Nikolsky sign + (separation of epidermis upon manual stroking of skin)

136
Q

6 Ps of lichen planus

A

Pruritic, Purple, Polygonal Planar Papules and Plaques

137
Q

ABCDEs of melanoma

A

Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter > 6mm, Evolution over time

138
Q

from low to high, your pons will die; from high to low, your brain will blow

A

effects of correcting serum Na+ too quickly

hyponatremia: osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis)
hypernatremia: cerebral edema/herniation

139
Q

Don’t Eat Greasy Foods

A 
cerebellar nuclei (lateral -> medial)
Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial
140
Q

Parkinson dz TRAPS your body

A

sx of PD
Tremor (pill-rolling, at rest), Rigidity (cogwheel), Akinesia/bradykinesia, Postural instability, Shuffling gait (festinating)
also mask-like facies

141
Q

a SUPERIOR at CALCULUS nerd who’s always looking DOWN at his feet

A

injury to superior colliculus results in Parinaud syndrome (paralysis of upward gaze)

142
Q

wet, wacky, and wobbly

A

sx of normal pressure hydrocephalus

urinary incontinence, cognitive dysfunction, ataxia

143
Q

Climbing On Slippery Slopes Sometimes Feels Funny, So Instead I Just Juggle Jack Hammers (Standing Room Only)

A 
foramina each of the CNs traverse
I: Cribriform plate
II: Optic canal
III/IV/V1/VI: Superior orbital fissure
V2: Foramen Rotundum
V3: Foramen Ovale
VII/VIII: Internal acoustic meatus
XI/X/XI: Jugular foramen
XII: Hypoglossal canal
Standing Room Only: branches of V
144
Q

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More

A

types of information each CN carries (S: Sensory, M: Motor, B: Both)

145
Q

Lovely Bella Had An STD

A

causes of Bell’s palsy

Lyme dz, Herpes simplex (and herpes zoster, called Ramsay Hunt syndrome), AIDS, Sarcoidosis, Tumors, DM

146
Q

LR6SO4R3

A

innervations of the extraocular muscles
VI: Lateral Rectus
IV: Superior Oblique
III: everything else (medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, inferior obilque, levator palpebrae)

147
Q

STURGE

A

sx of Sturge-Weber syndrome

Sporadic/port-wine Stain, Tram track calcifications (opposing gyri), U/l, Retardation, Glaucoma/GNAQ gene, Epilepsy

148
Q

HAMARTOMAS

A

sx of tuberous sclerosis
Hamartomas of CNS and skin, Angiofibromas, Mitral regurg, Ash-leaf spots, cardiac Rhabdomyoma, (Tuberous sclerosis), autosomal dOminant, Mental retardation, renal Angiomyolipoma, Seizures/Shagreen patches

149
Q

MGM Studios

A

MC brain tumors of adults (in order!)

Metastasis, Glioblastoma multiforme, Meningioma, Schwannoma

150
Q

Animal kingdom, Magic kingdom, Epcot

A

MC brain tumors of children (in order!)

pilocytic Astrocytoma, Medulloblastoma, Ependymoma

151
Q

EFGHIJ

A

ADRs of Ethosuximide

Fatigue, GI distress, HA, Itching, Stevens-Johnson syndrome

152
Q

Phenytoin Has Given MDs Frustration

A

ADRs of phenytoin
Peripheral neuropathy, Hirsutism, Gingival hyperplasia, Megaloblastic anemia, Drug-induced lupus, Fetal hydantoin syndrome

153
Q

Steve Jobs made APPLE PCS

A

drugs that cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Allopurinol, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Lamotrigine, Ethosuximide, PCN, Carbamazepine, Sulfonamides

154
Q

BALSA

A

tx of PD

Bromocriptine, Amantadine, Levodopa/carbidopa, Selegiline, Benztropine

155
Q

mature adults wear a SASH

A

mature ego defenses

Sublimation, Altruism, Suppression, Humor

156
Q

DIG FAST

A

sx of manic episode
Distractability, Irresponsibility, Grandiosity, Flight of ideas, increase in goal-directed Activity/psychomotor Agitation, decreased need for Sleep, Talkativeness or pressured speech

157
Q

SIGECAPS or DIGS CAPES

A

sx of MDD
Depressed mood, loss of Interest (anhedonia), Guilt or feelings of worthlessness, Sleep disturbances, Concentration problems, Appetite/weight changes, Psychomotor retardation or agitation, Energy loss or fatigue, Suicidal ideation
must have depressed mood or anhedonia to qualify for MDD

158
Q

SAD PERSONS are more likely to complete suicide

A

Sex (male), Age (teenager or elderly), Depression, Previous attempt (single most important determining factor), Ethanol or drug use, loss of Rational thinking, Sickness (medical illness, 3 or more scripts), Organized plan, No spouse (divorced, widowed, or single, especially if childless), Social support lacking
access to firearms/weapons important, too

159
Q

PANICS

A

sx of panic attacks
Palpitations, Paresthesias, Abdominal distress, Nausea, Intense fear of dying or losing control, lIght-headedness, Chest pain, Chills, Choking, disConnectedness, Sweating, Shaking, Shortness of breath

160
Q

FEVER

A

sx of neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Fever, Encephalopathy, Vitals unstable, Enzymes elevated, Rigidity of muscles

161
Q

3 Cs of TCAs

A

Cardiotoxicity (arrhythmias), CNS toxicity (convulsions, coma), antiCholinergic effects

162
Q

MAO Takes Pride In Red Shanghai

A

MAOIs

Tranylcypromine, Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid, Rasagiline (MAO-B selective), Selegiline (MAO-B selective)

163
Q

POTTER

A 
things Potter sequence is associated w/
Pulmonary hypoplasia (cause of death), Oligohydramnios (trigger), Twisted face, Twisted Skin, Extremity defects, Renal failure (in utero)
164
Q

60-40-20 rule

A

%age of body weight for average person

60% total body water, 40% ICF, 20% ECF (75% interstitial fluid, 25% plasma)

165
Q

the kidneys put out FABulous Glittering LiquidS

A 
renal tubular defects (in order!)
FAnconi syndrome (PCT), Bartter syndrome (thick ascending loop), Gitelman syndrome (DCT), Liddle syndrome (collecting tubule), Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (collecting tubule)
166
Q

pt w/ hyperkalemia? DO LABS

A

causes of hyperkalemia (shift K+ OUT of cells)
Digitalis (blocks Na+/K+ ATPase), hyperOsmolarity, Lysis of cells, Acidosis, Beta-blockers, high blood Sugar (insulin deficiency)
(causes of hypokalemia are essentially the opposites; insulin shifts K+ INto cells)

167
Q

MUDPILES

A

causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis (adding acid)
Methanol (formic acid), Uremia, DKA, Propylene glycol, Iron/INH, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol (oxalic acid), Salicylates (late)

168
Q

HARD-ASS

A

causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis (losing bicarb)
Hyperalimentation, Addison dz, Renal tubular acidosis, Diarrhea, Acetazolamide, Spironolactone, Saline infusion

169
Q

can’t see, can’t pee, can’t hear a buzzing bee

A

Alport syndrome (ab against collagen IV, alpha5 subunit)

170
Q

FEAR the drug-induced interstitial nephritis!

A

sx of drug-induced interstitial nephritis

Fever, Eosinophilia, Azotemia, Rash

171
Q

MAD HUNGER

A

consequences of renal failure
Metabolic Acidosis, Dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia), Hyperkalemia, Uremia, Na+/H2O retention, Growth retardation and developmental delay, EPO failure, Renal osteodystrophy

172
Q

OH DANG!

A

ADRs of loop diuretics

Ototoxicity, Hypokalemia, Dehydration, Allergy (sulfa), Nephritis (interstitial), Gout

173
Q

hyperGLUC

A

ADRs of thiazide diuretics

hyperGlycemia, hyperLipidemia, hyperUricemia, hyperCalcemia

174
Q

captopril’s CATCH

A

ADRs of ACEIs
Cough (increased bradykinin), Angioedema, Teratogen (fetal renal and cardiac malformations), increased Creatinine, Hyperkalemia/Hypotension

175
Q

TENitalia

A

genitalia recognizable on fetus by 10 weeks

176
Q

MAGIC COPS

A

derivatives of neural crest
Melanocytes, Aorticopulmonary septum, Ganglia, Iris stroma, Chromaffin cells, CNS, Odontoblasts/Ossicles, Parafollicular “c” cells, Sclerae

177
Q

VACTERL

A

mesodermal defects
Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula, Renal defects, Limb defects (bone and muscle)

178
Q

ears, tonsils, bottom-to-top

A

branchial pouch derivatives in order!

1: ear
2: tonsils
3: dorsal (bottom for inferior parathyroids), ventral (to = thymus)
4: top (superior parathyroids)

179
Q

Point and Shoot!

A

autonomic innervation of male sexual response

erection: parasympathetic (pelvic nerve)
emission: sympathetic (hypogastric nerve)
ejaculation: visceral and somatic nerves (pudendal nerve)

180
Q

Menopause Sx wreak HAVOC

A

sx of menopause

Mood changes, Sleep disturbances, Hot flashes, Atrophy of vagina, Vaginal dryness, Osteoporosis, Coronary artery dz

181
Q

Serous Epithelial Malignancies are Clearly Bad

A

types of surface epithelial tumors of the ovary
Serous, Endometrioid, Mucinous, Clear cell, Brenner
high malignant potential

182
Q

STACKED

A

drugs that cause gynecomastia

Spironolactone, THC, Alcohol, Cimetidine, Ketoconazole, Estrogens, Digoxin

183
Q

Eradicate Ball Cancer

A

common tx regimen for testicular cancer
Etoposide, Bleomycin, Cisplatin
can substitute ifosfamide for bleomycin

184
Q

RALS

A

relation of pulmonary artery to bronchus at each lung hilum
R: Anterior
L: Superior

185
Q

I ate 10 eggs at 12

A

structures perforating diaphragm (and levels)
T8: IVC
T10: Esophagus, vagus nerve (CN X)
T12: Aorta, Azygos vein, thoracic duct
*bonus! At T-1-2 it’s the red, white, and blue

186
Q

bifourcations

A

common carotid: C4
trachea: T4
abdominal aorta: L4

187
Q

CADET, face Right

A

things that cause a right shift of hemoglobin dissociation curve
increased CO2, Acid (H+/Cl-)/Altitude, 2,3-DPG, Exercise, Temperature

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