Random Stuff for CNS Flashcards
If you are allergic to birch pollen you may also be allergic to _____
Apples
If you are allergic to ragweed you may also be allergic to _____ (3)
Cucumber, echinacea, and/or zucchini.
4 Diagnostic methods for Type 2 Diabetes
Fasting glucose (8 hr fast) > 125
2 hr glucose tolerance test > 199
Random glucose > 199
HbA1c > 6.4%
Glutathione collaborates with these two vitamins.
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
offers protection for both water and lipid soluble surfaces in membranes
Where is glutathione synthesized?
In all cells of the body
Functions of gluthathione (3)
Neutralizing free radicals
Detoxification
Support Immune Function
Osmotic diarrhea
Poor absorption of osmotically active solutes in intestines, like sugars
What may worsen osmotic diarrhea?
Sugar alcohols
Lactose
Fructose
Large amounts of sucrose
(draw more water into the intestines)
Where is Apolipoprotein B-100 synthesized?
Liver
Where is Apolipoprotein B-48 synthesized?
Small intestine
(think…smaller number, small intestine)
What lab values tend to be out of range for someone with anorexia nervosa?
elevated LDL
elevated HDL
hypoglycemia and hypoalbuminemia can occur
serum albumin usually normal
What is the process of digesting food called?
enzymatic hydrolysis
How many double bonds do saturated fatty acids have?
None
How many double bonds do monounsaturated fatty acids have?
1+
How many double bonds do polyunsaturated acids have?
2+
The tricarboxylic acid cycle primarily operates in _____ conditions
TCA
Citric Acid Cycle
Aerobic
energy metabolism
molecules oxidized to CO2, releasing energy to ATP
90% of energy derived from food is processed in TCA (along with oxidative phosphorylation)
Diabetes Type 1.5 is called ____
LADA is also called ____
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults
What is LADA?
Diabetes Type 1.5
Has features of both
slow developing
Lost beta cell functioning slower than Type 1 but faster than Type 2`
Glucagon is secreted in the ______ cells of the _____
Alpha cells of pancreas
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has how many carbons?
20
5 double bonds
Common Saturated Fatty Acids
My Palmreader Stares At Lines
Myrisitic (C14:0)
Palmitic (C16:0)
Stearic (C18:0)
Arachidic (C20:0)
Forgot one
Osteoblast = bone _____
Osteoclast = bone _____
Bone FORMATION = _____
Bone RESORPTION = _____
Blasts Build
Clasts Collect
Normal BP
<120/80 (AND)
Signs of inflammation
(common and technical terms)
Pain/dolor
Heat/calor
Redness/rubor
Swelling/tumor
Loss of function/functio laesa
Metabolic Syndrome criteria
WC Men - 40+
WC Women - 35+
HDL Men - <40
HDL Women - <50
BP 130/85+
Fasting glucose 100+
3 or more
Glycemic INDEX ranges
High
Moderate
Low
High 70+
Moderate 56-69
Low <=55
Blood Pressure Ranges
Normal
Elevated
Hypertension 1
Hypertension 2
Crisis
Normal <120 AND <80
Elevated. 120-129 AND <80
Hypertension 1 130-139 OR 80-89
Hypertension 2 140+ OR 90+
Crisis. 180+ and/or 120+
epidemiology
as in the epidemiology of a particular disease
How often
Why
study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why
What does albumin do?
Transports hormones, enzymes, medications, minerals, fatty acids, and other blood constituents
maintains osmotic pressure of blood (helps to prevent edema)
What stimulates glucagon?
Low blood glucose
Low blood glucose levels stimulate this enzyme and inhibit this enzyme.
stimulates glucagon
inhibits insulin
Glucagon stimulates what?
Inhibits what?
promotes what?
Stimulates
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
Inhibits
glycogenesis
Promotes
lipolysis
ketogenesis
4 types of diarrhea
Osmotic = poorly absorbed solutes, lactose intolerance, dumping syndrom
Secretory = bacterial or viral (pulls in water to flush out pathogen
Exudative = UC or radiation
Limited mucosal contact = Crohns’, failure to adequately mix chyme in the stomach
SIBO can make you deficient in which nutrients? (8)
B12
also
Thiamine
Niacin
A,D,E,K
Iron
When thinking of methylation, think of this food group
Animal proteins
Vegans and vegetarians likely need extra help with methylation issues
The nutritional support for methylation is very similar to the support for what organ?
Liver
what is a methyl group?
Carbon with 4 hydrogens attached
Vasopressin is also known as what?
ADH
Anti-diuertic hormone
Respiratory quotient
CO2 released/O2 absorbed
Carbs = 1
Protein = .8
Fat = .7
Mixed = .8
Glycemic index vs load
index - quality
load - quantity
load measures the impact on blood glucose
What is trypsinogen and where is it stored?
Inactive form of trypsin (digests proteins)
Pancreas
Inactive form is stored because active form would damage (think digest) the pancreas
Where does methylfolate’s methyl group go?
To cobalamin to become methycobalamin
Where does methylcobalamin’s methyl group go?
To homocysteine
Elevated BP
120-129 and <80
Hypertension Stage 1
130-139 or 80-89
Hypertension Stage 2
140+ or 90+
Hypertensive Crisis
180+ and/or 120+
What does the kidney regulate? (3)
Water and electrolytes
Blood pressure
Acid-base balance
What does the kidney excrete? (2)
Metabolic waste products
Foreign chemicals/toxins
What vitamin is activated in the kidney?
Vitamin D
In what organs does gluconeogenesis take place?
Liver
Kidneys
Which blood pressure hormone does the kidney secrete?
Renin
Ren- (for renal)
-in (for protein)
Protein from the kidney
What is the function of renin?
To raise blood pressure
How is renin related to the other hormones in RAAS?
Renin converts angiotenisogen to angiotensin I
-ogen meaning to generate
Overview of RAAS
Renin is secreted to raise blood pressure.
It activates Angiotensin I
Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II initiates aldosterone release
(Blood vessels constrict and blood pressure is raised)
Where is angiotensin created?
Its precursor (angiotensiogen) is created in the
Liver
Where is aldosterone created?
Adrenal glands
What does aldosterone regulate? (3)
Water
Holds onto Sodium
Gets rid of Potassium
What is gluconeogensis?
Creation of glucose when all stores are diminished
Created from noncarbohydrate sources
(Creating new glucose)
What is glycogenolysis?
Retrieving glycogen
Turning glycogen back into glucose
(Cleaving the glycogen)
What is glycogenesis?
Creation of glycogen (storage form of glucose)
New name for NAFLD
MASLD
Metabolic dysfunction
Associated
Steatotic
Liver
Disease
What do chief cells secrete? (2)
Pepsinogen
Chymosin
What do the parietal cells secrete?
Hydrochloric acid
What do G cells secrete?
Gastrin
What do I cells secrete?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
What do delta cells secrete?
Somatastin
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released in response to what?
Ingested
Fats
Amino Acids
Said another way…food
Somatistatin wants to ____ other enzymes
Inhibit
Gastrin is released in response to what?(3)
Ingestion of peptides and amino acids
Gastric distention,
Elevated stomach pH
What slows the release of gastrin?
(Inhibits it) (2)
Sematostatin
Reduced stomach pH
What is glycolysis?
Glucose to pyruvate
Converting glucose to energy (ATP)
Insulin inhibits
Glycogenolysis
(stored glycogen into usable glucose)
When glucose is low, the pancreas will secrete _____ to stimulate _____.
Glucagon
Glycogenolysis
What is butyrate?
4 carbon short chain fatty acid
produced from fermentation of fiber in intestines
What are some benefits of butyrate? (4-5)
increase mucous production
decrease cell permeability
promote tight junctions
decrease pH
can inhibit cancer
Alpha-linolenic acid is found in what type of foods?
Plant foods
How much ATP is generated from one glucose molecule?
30-32
How much ATP is generated from one triglyceride molecule?
107
Where is cholesterol synthesized?
Liver
Why is HDL considered the good cholesterol?
It recycles excess cholesterol from the bloodstream
We want less free floating cholesterol so we want lots of these to clean it up.
What is the size and concentration of cholesterol in these lipoproteins?
VLDL - lots of cholesterol/very large
LDL - moderate cholesterol and size
HDL - low cholesterol and small
HDL transports cholesterol ___ the ____.
VLDL transports cholesterol ____ the ____ to____
HDL transports free floating cholesterol back TO the liver.
VLDL transports cholesterol FROM the liver to cells in the body
Cholesterol process
Chylomicrons deliver from food to liver
Liver packages what it has made and what we have eaten from food and sends it off as VLDL
In blood circulation, muscle and adipose tissues take what they need and turn it into LDL
LDL is sent off to the organs
Anything unused is repackaged in HDL and sent back to the liver
Food sources of short chain fatty acids
Eggs
Animal Fat
some nuts/seeds
Food sources of monounsaturated fats
Olive oil
Almond oil
Avocado oil
Nuts
Seeds
includes Omega 9
Oils that are omega 6
Corn
Soybean
Sunflower
Safflower
Borage oil
Black currant seed oil
Evening primrose oil
etc
(if time, look up more)
Saturated fat intake guidelines
DGA - 22g (10%)
AHA - 13g (5-6%)
Calorie increases during pregnancy and lactation
1st - no increase
2nd - 340
3rd - 450
lactation = 2000-2800
lactating takes 500 calories but recommend less to facilitate weight loss
Fats are absorbed through ____ absorption
Passive
(higher concentration to lower concentration)
Think Peanut Butter (P for passive and Fat)
Carbs are absorbed through ____ absorption
Facilitated
(higher concentration to lower concentration)
Think FFs for F(aciliated)
Proteins are absorbed through ____absorptions
Active
Against concentration gradient (lower concentration to higher concentration)
think Amino Acids
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
PalmReaders Ogle Lines And Arches Every Day
Common Micronutrient Deficiencies Post Bariatric Surgery
B12 (Cobalamin)
Iron
Copper
Calcium
Folate
Thiamin
Zinc
Fat Soluble
Can’t Ingest Copious Calories For Thin Zone
Immunoglobulins
IgG - eliminate pathogens (CS)
IgM - 1st line of defense
IgA - secretory, mucus
IgD - unknown
IgE - allergy
IgE = allergeeee emergency
IgG = G for gut/food sensitivities
Sucrose =
Glucose + Fructose
Lactulose =
Fructose + Galactose
Lactose =
Glucose + Galactose
Maltose =
Glucose + Glucose
Trehalose =
Glucose + Glucose
Disaccharides that break into 2 glucose molecules
Maltose
Trehalose
