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Certified Nutrition Specialist > Random Stuff for CNS > Flashcards

Random Stuff for CNS Flashcards

1
Q

If you are allergic to birch pollen you may also be allergic to _____

A

Apples

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2
Q

If you are allergic to ragweed you may also be allergic to _____ (3)

A

Cucumber, echinacea, and/or zucchini.

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3
Q

4 Diagnostic methods for Type 2 Diabetes

A

Fasting glucose (8 hr fast) > 125
2 hr glucose tolerance test > 199
Random glucose > 199
HbA1c > 6.4%

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4
Q

Glutathione collaborates with these two vitamins.

A

Vitamin C
Vitamin E

offers protection for both water and lipid soluble surfaces in membranes

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5
Q

Where is glutathione synthesized?

A

In all cells of the body

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6
Q

Functions of gluthathione (3)

A

Neutralizing free radicals
Detoxification
Support Immune Function

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7
Q

Osmotic diarrhea

A

Poor absorption of osmotically active solutes in intestines, like sugars

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8
Q

What may worsen osmotic diarrhea?

A

Sugar alcohols
Lactose
Fructose
Large amounts of sucrose

(draw more water into the intestines)

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9
Q

Where is Apolipoprotein B-100 synthesized?

A

Liver

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10
Q

Where is Apolipoprotein B-48 synthesized?

A

Small intestine

(think…smaller number, small intestine)

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11
Q

What lab values tend to be out of range for someone with anorexia nervosa?

A

elevated LDL
elevated HDL

hypoglycemia and hypoalbuminemia can occur

serum albumin usually normal

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12
Q

What is the process of digesting food called?

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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13
Q

How many double bonds do saturated fatty acids have?

A

None

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14
Q

How many double bonds do monounsaturated fatty acids have?

A

1+

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15
Q

How many double bonds do polyunsaturated acids have?

A

2+

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16
Q

The tricarboxylic acid cycle primarily operates in _____ conditions

TCA
Citric Acid Cycle

A

Aerobic

energy metabolism
molecules oxidized to CO2, releasing energy to ATP

90% of energy derived from food is processed in TCA (along with oxidative phosphorylation)

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17
Q

Diabetes Type 1.5 is called ____

A

LADA is also called ____

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults

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18
Q

What is LADA?

A

Diabetes Type 1.5

Has features of both
slow developing

Lost beta cell functioning slower than Type 1 but faster than Type 2`

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19
Q

Glucagon is secreted in the ______ cells of the _____

A

Alpha cells of pancreas

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20
Q

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has how many carbons?

A

20

5 double bonds

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21
Q

Common Saturated Fatty Acids

My Palmreader Stares At Lines

A

Myrisitic (C14:0)
Palmitic (C16:0)
Stearic (C18:0)
Arachidic (C20:0)
Forgot one

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22
Q

Osteoblast = bone _____
Osteoclast = bone _____

A

Bone FORMATION = _____
Bone RESORPTION = _____

Blasts Build
Clasts Collect

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23
Q

Normal BP

A

<120/80 (AND)

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24
Q

Signs of inflammation

(common and technical terms)

A

Pain/dolor
Heat/calor
Redness/rubor
Swelling/tumor
Loss of function/functio laesa

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25
Q

Metabolic Syndrome criteria

A

WC Men - 40+
WC Women - 35+
HDL Men - <40
HDL Women - <50
BP 130/85+
Fasting glucose 100+

3 or more

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26
Q

Glycemic INDEX ranges

High
Moderate
Low

A

High 70+
Moderate 56-69
Low <=55

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27
Q

Blood Pressure Ranges

Normal
Elevated
Hypertension 1
Hypertension 2
Crisis

A

Normal <120 AND <80
Elevated. 120-129 AND <80
Hypertension 1 130-139 OR 80-89
Hypertension 2 140+ OR 90+
Crisis. 180+ and/or 120+

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28
Q

epidemiology

as in the epidemiology of a particular disease

A

How often
Why

study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why

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29
Q

What does albumin do?

A

Transports hormones, enzymes, medications, minerals, fatty acids, and other blood constituents

maintains osmotic pressure of blood (helps to prevent edema)

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29
Q

What stimulates glucagon?

A

Low blood glucose

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30
Q

Low blood glucose levels stimulate this enzyme and inhibit this enzyme.

A

stimulates glucagon
inhibits insulin

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31
Q

Glucagon stimulates what?

Inhibits what?

promotes what?

A

Stimulates

gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis

Inhibits

glycogenesis

Promotes

lipolysis
ketogenesis

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32
Q

4 types of diarrhea

A

Osmotic = poorly absorbed solutes, lactose intolerance, dumping syndrom

Secretory = bacterial or viral (pulls in water to flush out pathogen

Exudative = UC or radiation

Limited mucosal contact = Crohns’, failure to adequately mix chyme in the stomach

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33
Q

SIBO can make you deficient in which nutrients? (8)

A

B12

also

Thiamine
Niacin
A,D,E,K
Iron

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34
Q

When thinking of methylation, think of this food group

A

Animal proteins

Vegans and vegetarians likely need extra help with methylation issues

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35
Q

The nutritional support for methylation is very similar to the support for what organ?

A

Liver

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36
Q

what is a methyl group?

A

Carbon with 4 hydrogens attached

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37
Q

Vasopressin is also known as what?

A

ADH

Anti-diuertic hormone

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38
Q

Respiratory quotient

A

CO2 released/O2 absorbed

Carbs = 1
Protein = .8
Fat = .7
Mixed = .8

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39
Q

Glycemic index vs load

A

index - quality
load - quantity

load measures the impact on blood glucose

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40
Q

What is trypsinogen and where is it stored?

A

Inactive form of trypsin (digests proteins)

Pancreas

Inactive form is stored because active form would damage (think digest) the pancreas

41
Q

Where does methylfolate’s methyl group go?

A

To cobalamin to become methycobalamin

42
Q

Where does methylcobalamin’s methyl group go?

A

To homocysteine

43
Q

Elevated BP

A

120-129 and <80

44
Q

Hypertension Stage 1

A

130-139 or 80-89

45
Q

Hypertension Stage 2

A

140+ or 90+

46
Q

Hypertensive Crisis

A

180+ and/or 120+

47
Q

What does the kidney regulate? (3)

A

Water and electrolytes
Blood pressure
Acid-base balance

48
Q

What does the kidney excrete? (2)

A

Metabolic waste products
Foreign chemicals/toxins

49
Q

What vitamin is activated in the kidney?

A

Vitamin D

50
Q

In what organs does gluconeogenesis take place?

A

Liver
Kidneys

51
Q

Which blood pressure hormone does the kidney secrete?

A

Renin

Ren- (for renal)
-in (for protein)

Protein from the kidney

52
Q

What is the function of renin?

A

To raise blood pressure

53
Q

How is renin related to the other hormones in RAAS?

A

Renin converts angiotenisogen to angiotensin I

-ogen meaning to generate

54
Q

Overview of RAAS

A

Renin is secreted to raise blood pressure.

It activates Angiotensin I
Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II initiates aldosterone release

(Blood vessels constrict and blood pressure is raised)

55
Q

Where is angiotensin created?

A

Its precursor (angiotensiogen) is created in the

Liver

56
Q

Where is aldosterone created?

A

Adrenal glands

57
Q

What does aldosterone regulate? (3)

A

Water
Holds onto Sodium
Gets rid of Potassium

58
Q

What is gluconeogensis?

A

Creation of glucose when all stores are diminished

Created from noncarbohydrate sources

(Creating new glucose)

59
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Retrieving glycogen
Turning glycogen back into glucose

(Cleaving the glycogen)

60
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Creation of glycogen (storage form of glucose)

61
Q

New name for NAFLD

A

MASLD

Metabolic dysfunction
Associated
Steatotic
Liver
Disease

62
Q

What do chief cells secrete? (2)

A

Pepsinogen
Chymosin

63
Q

What do the parietal cells secrete?

A

Hydrochloric acid

64
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

Gastrin

65
Q

What do I cells secrete?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

66
Q

What do delta cells secrete?

A

Somatastin

67
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released in response to what?

A

Ingested

Fats
Amino Acids

Said another way…food

68
Q

Somatistatin wants to ____ other enzymes

A

Inhibit

69
Q

Gastrin is released in response to what?(3)

A

Ingestion of peptides and amino acids
Gastric distention,
Elevated stomach pH

70
Q

What slows the release of gastrin?
(Inhibits it) (2)

A

Sematostatin
Reduced stomach pH

71
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Glucose to pyruvate

Converting glucose to energy (ATP)

72
Q

Insulin inhibits

A

Glycogenolysis

(stored glycogen into usable glucose)

73
Q

When glucose is low, the pancreas will secrete _____ to stimulate _____.

A

Glucagon
Glycogenolysis

74
Q

What is butyrate?

A

4 carbon short chain fatty acid
produced from fermentation of fiber in intestines

75
Q

What are some benefits of butyrate? (4-5)

A

increase mucous production
decrease cell permeability
promote tight junctions
decrease pH

can inhibit cancer

76
Q

Alpha-linolenic acid is found in what type of foods?

A

Plant foods

77
Q

How much ATP is generated from one glucose molecule?

A

30-32

78
Q

How much ATP is generated from one triglyceride molecule?

A

107

79
Q

Where is cholesterol synthesized?

A

Liver

80
Q

Why is HDL considered the good cholesterol?

A

It recycles excess cholesterol from the bloodstream

We want less free floating cholesterol so we want lots of these to clean it up.

81
Q

What is the size and concentration of cholesterol in these lipoproteins?

A

VLDL - lots of cholesterol/very large
LDL - moderate cholesterol and size
HDL - low cholesterol and small

82
Q

HDL transports cholesterol ___ the ____.

VLDL transports cholesterol ____ the ____ to____

A

HDL transports free floating cholesterol back TO the liver.

VLDL transports cholesterol FROM the liver to cells in the body

83
Q
A
84
Q

Cholesterol process

A

Chylomicrons deliver from food to liver

Liver packages what it has made and what we have eaten from food and sends it off as VLDL

In blood circulation, muscle and adipose tissues take what they need and turn it into LDL

LDL is sent off to the organs

Anything unused is repackaged in HDL and sent back to the liver

85
Q

Food sources of short chain fatty acids

A

Eggs
Animal Fat
some nuts/seeds

86
Q

Food sources of monounsaturated fats

A

Olive oil
Almond oil
Avocado oil
Nuts
Seeds

includes Omega 9

87
Q

Oils that are omega 6

A

Corn
Soybean
Sunflower
Safflower
Borage oil
Black currant seed oil
Evening primrose oil
etc

(if time, look up more)

88
Q

Saturated fat intake guidelines

A

DGA - 22g (10%)
AHA - 13g (5-6%)

89
Q

Calorie increases during pregnancy and lactation

A

1st - no increase
2nd - 340
3rd - 450
lactation = 2000-2800

lactating takes 500 calories but recommend less to facilitate weight loss

90
Q

Fats are absorbed through ____ absorption

A

Passive

(higher concentration to lower concentration)

Think Peanut Butter (P for passive and Fat)

91
Q

Carbs are absorbed through ____ absorption

A

Facilitated

(higher concentration to lower concentration)

Think FFs for F(aciliated)

92
Q

Proteins are absorbed through ____absorptions

A

Active

Against concentration gradient (lower concentration to higher concentration)

think Amino Acids

93
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

PalmReaders Ogle Lines And Arches Every Day

94
Q

Common Micronutrient Deficiencies Post Bariatric Surgery

A

B12 (Cobalamin)
Iron
Copper
Calcium

Folate
Thiamin
Zinc

Fat Soluble

Can’t Ingest Copious Calories For Thin Zone

95
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

IgG - eliminate pathogens (CS)
IgM - 1st line of defense
IgA - secretory, mucus
IgD - unknown
IgE - allergy

IgE = allergeeee emergency
IgG = G for gut/food sensitivities

96
Q

Sucrose =

A

Glucose + Fructose

97
Q

Lactulose =

A

Fructose + Galactose

98
Q

Lactose =

A

Glucose + Galactose

99
Q

Maltose =

A

Glucose + Glucose

100
Q

Trehalose =

A

Glucose + Glucose

101
Q

Disaccharides that break into 2 glucose molecules

A

Maltose
Trehalose

Certified Nutrition Specialist (12 decks)

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