Random Review

Question 1

what is the difference between an epimer and an enantiomer? a diastereomer? mua ha ha ha

Answer 1

so an enantiomer is when two molecules differ R/S at every single chiral center. an diastereomer is when SOME but not all of these chiral centers are opposite, making them non-superimposable.

an epimer is a special case of diastereomer with only one chiral center switched. alpha and beta is used to denote this epimer in the anomeric carbon in sugars.

Question 2

draw glucose in fischer projection and the ring formation

Answer 2

well, since I didnt pay for the upgrade, just look up if you were right here.

Question 3

the human body uses D-sugars or L-sugars exclusively? what about them amino acids?

Answer 3

D-sugars are “delicious”

L amino acids because your muscles need to “lift”

Question 4

the only type of muscle cells that are multinucleated are what?

Answer 4

skeletal muscle cells. and also osteoblasts

Question 5

what does calcitonin do? how?

Answer 5

tones your bones by building them up using osteoBlasts, lowering blood Ca2+ and Phosphorus levels

Question 6

in a battery in a circuit diagram which end is positive and negative? which direction through the circuit does the current (I, amps) flow?

Answer 6

the current flows from + (longer) to - (shorter)

Question 7

what is the conceptual definition of voltage? the formula in relation to charge?

Answer 7

voltage is the potential energy of a circuit PER charge. so the formula is V=PE(J) / charge (C). therefore one volt is one joule per coulomb

Question 8

with radioactive decay, what are the three possible particles released. what are they? their charges and masses?

Answer 8

alpha (+ a helium nucleus with 2 protons) gamma (no mass no charge) beta(- electron, small mass)

Question 9

what is the equation for centripetal force?

Answer 9

Fc= (mv^2)/r

Question 10

does temperature increase or decrease resistance? why?

Answer 10

hotter temps mean more kinetic energy, which increases resistance since now the particle has to make its way through the bustle

Question 11

a mass spec deflects positively charged fragments according to… (2)

Answer 11

mass AND charge. the smaller and more positive, the more that is deflected (so smaller radius)

Question 12

an electric field creates a magnetic field and vice versa. what orientation in space are they to each other?

Answer 12

they create sine waves perpendicular to each other.

Question 13

type 1 error is a false…

Answer 13

type 1 is a false positive

Question 14

explain ethnocentrism vs. cultural relativism

Answer 14

ethnocentrism is looking down on another culture from a place of superiority. cultural relativism is judging a culture by its OWN standards

Question 15

which part of the brain keeps you from going into a coma, and where is it foudn?

Answer 15

the reticular formation, found in the brainstem, prevents coma

Question 16

in split brain patients, what is severed? what happens when they see something in the left side of visual field?

Answer 16

the corpus callosum has been severed, and if a patient sees something on the left, the information is crisscrossed! and sent to the RIGHT brain, whcih does not contain language.

Question 17

what is the volume of 1 mol gas at STP?

Answer 17

22.4 L at 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atm

Question 18

what is the type of alcohol that cannot be oxidized?

Answer 18

tertiary. You just cant. oxidation mechanism needs an available hydrogen

Question 19

hydrogen bonding is a type of which IMF?

Answer 19

dipole-dipole

Question 20

what is a lactone? it’s probably not what you think it is… (hint:orgo)

Answer 20

a cyclic ester.

Question 21

what is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

Answer 21

afferent neurons: our sensory organs influence our CNS
efferent neurons: our CNS has an effect on our limbs

shorthand: afferent “affect our CNS”

Question 22

what do nociceptors detect?

Answer 22

pain!

Question 23

what is the purpose of the thalamus?

Answer 23

the thalamus is mostly sensory information

Question 24

what method is usually used to study brain activity, especially in sleep?

Answer 24

EEG

Question 25

MRI vs CT scan? what are they best for and what type of waves do they use?

Answer 25

an MRI uses radiowaves (not radioactive) and is better for soft tissues

a CT uses x-rays (radioactive) and is quicker and okay at bones

Question 26

in drive reduction theory, what is a drive? what does it mean to be reduced?

Answer 26

a drive is something that naturally puts us in need *thirst, we act to reduce our drives

Question 27

explain please the ABC model of attitude

Answer 27

affective (emotion) *I like yoga
behavioral (action) *so I do it every day
cognitive (thought) *i think it calms me down

Question 28

Freud’s theory of personality involves which three entities acting in which way?

Answer 28

id (devil) ego (you) superego (angel) on your shoulders

important to note, the superego is both conscious and unconscious