AAMC 4 Flashcards
what makes a good PCR primer?
high GC content and 5’ and 3’ ending in G or C
what is nondisjunction and when does it happen in meiosis?
when the chromatids don’t separate. either anaphase 1 or anaphase 2
heterochromatin is … and euchromatin is…
heterochromatin is closed to transcription, and euchromatin is looser and open to transcription (YOU are made from euchromatin)
explain the progression of blood vessels to me from artery to vein
from the heart: artery>arteriole>capillary (exchange of gases)< venule < vein
yo. with Km and Kd and Kwhatever else, what does it mean when the K value increases for binding affinity and whatnot?
Inverse. So the higher the Km, the lower the binding affinity! Km is increased in competitive inhibition (attracted to another girl)
what did james lange say about emotions? the other theories?
the physiological arousal comes before the actual emotional experience. Cannon bard said simultaneous. the two factor (Schachter Singer) brings in cognition. the lazarus theory puts cognition first and then physiological and emotional (revive the dead)
Piaget said when did object permanence happen and when did conservation happen?
object permanence (2 year old) before conservation. conservation (same amount diff container) happened at around 8 in the concrete operational stage
Mead’s theory of self had what two concepts?
I (autonomous and inherent) and Me (learned from others)
what does a lyase enzyme do?
lyases form or break double bonds
which amino acids are phosphorylated and WHERE exactly, like which functional group, does this happen on their side chain?
serine (S), threonine (T), and tyrosine (Y) on the hydroxyl group. an esterification reaction by a kinase
which two amino acids have sulfur?
cysteine and methionine
what does a carboxylase enzyme do?
it adds a co2
Explain henry’s law to me
solubility (in molarity) = constant*vapor pressure of that gas above the liquid its dissolved in
what are the subunit sizes for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes?
Eukaryotic: 60S/40S=80S
Prokaryotic: 50S/ 30S=70S
what are some characteristics of prokaryotes? does this include bacteria?
yes. bacteria are prokaryotes! no membrane bound nucleus or organelles, circular plasmid DNA *but prokaryotes definitely do have DNA
Do viruses have DNA or RNA?
either one! it depends.
what is the flow of trna of the amino acids on the large subunit of the ribosome? (E,P,A sites…)
the order of travel is A(arrival) P E(exit)
what does southern blotting measure?
gDNA (genomic DNA)
what is the difference between qPCR and RT-PCR?
qPCR tells you how much DNA is in something (think just your standard PCR) and RT-PCR is real time tracking of transcription of mRNA
what is the name and charge for R amino acid?
R is arginine and it is (+)
How does native page separate?
based off of charge and size of molecules/proteins
In females, with the 23rd pair of chromosomes (the sex chromosomes) what happens to make them more like guys?
XX of females, one x chromosome is permanently inactivated so that it matches XY men. everyone only has one active X chromosome. HOWEVER this inactive x chromosome is still replicated! just last.
Does lechatliers shift Q or Keq?
it shifts Q in relation to Keq, meaning that the reaction will change the equilibrium concentrations of either the products or reactants to push q back to where keq is
water never appears in equillibrium constant expression. what is this expression? what types of substances are never included?
([products at eq]^their coeff )/ ([reactants at eq]^coeff)
pure solids and liquids are never included bc their conc. wont change. gases are included.
what do lipase enzymes do? where do their products enter respiration?
lipases digest fats, which enter digestion at the citric acid cycle at acetyl coA after beta oxidation of a long chain fatty acid
what happens to extra water you drink if not exited by urine?
the excess water is used by your lungs to humidify air
what is in the endoderm?
endoderm contains what will become the GI tract (liver, pancreas, esophagus) and the lungs
the mesoderm?
mesoderm is inner skin, muscles, and bones. also organs such as the heart, kidneys/bladder, and reproductive
the ectoderm?
the outer ectoderm is the epidermis, hair, glands and NERVOUS system???
general trend from inside out is ingestion, structure and functioning, and finally the feeling (skin and nervous system)
does the sodium potassium pump pump with or against the ion gradients?
against. it is an active transporter, after all
how do you find the pI (isoelectric point) and how does this relate to a zwitterion? generally speaking, is an amino acid positive or negative at low pH?
{(pKa1+pKa2)/2 = pI}
the isoelectric point is when an aa is neutral in charge/ now called a zwitterion bc -1/+1. in general, amino acids are positive at low pH because the abundance of protons pushes onto the aa (NH3+ and COOH)
what are the magic numbers for an amino acid’s pka’s (when the pH is below the pKa, the proton is lost from the aa)
the general rule is that when pH< pKa, that group is gifted a proton. So, as the H+ concentration increases, these groups are protonated according to their pKa: 11= basic side chain *arginine R // 9= NH3+ // 4= acidic side chain *aspartic acid D // 2=COOH
what are microglia? where are they found? why can they be bad for you?
microglia are a type of macrophage (wbc) specific to your brain/CNS that can kill neurons when activated
an amber codon is a what???
stop codon. duh what. UAG,UGA,UAA
what is the start codon, and which amino acid does each polypeptide therefore start with?
AUG for Methionine M
describe the protein’s journey through the cell if it’s destination is the cell membrane.
made in rER, to Golgi for post-translational modification and to be packaged into…a secretory vesicle.
where in the cell are ribosomes made?
the nucleolus specifically in the nucleus
when does crossover occur in meiosis?
crossover, or exchange of DNA between two twin (homologous) chromosomes (X’s) during prophase 1 of meiosis
explain the cell cycle to me please. what is interphase? what happens in each stage? what is mitosis? when specifically is the DNA replicated?
either a cell is in interphase(3) or mitosis(1).
Interphase has three separate stages: 1 G1 (normal functions), 2 S (DNA replication! S stands for synthesis bro), 3 G2 (cell preps for mitosis and the organelles double here. think of this as the second bread rise before the oven)
Mitosis has stages:
1. prophase- chromosomes now visible as
heterochromatin
2. metaphase
3. anaphase- separation *nondisjunction possible
4. telophase- nucleus reforms
5. cytokinesis
Fun bonus: the two types of cells that are permanently stuck in G0 and never divide are neurons and heart cells. your brain and heart can never be replicated! awww isnt that sweet
what in the sam heck is a ping pong mechanism for enzymes?
two substrates, two products, one after another with an enzyme intermediate.
For nitrogenous bases, which pairs with which and how many hydrogen bonds?
A-T has 2
G-C has 3
explain a blood pressure reading to me (135/90 mmHg)
systolic is on top, meaning the blood pressure when your heart contracts and diastolic is on bottom when your heart relaxes
diastolic=denominator
