Random PasTest Flashcards
what is the long term medical treatment of primary biliary cholangitis?
Liver transplantation is preferred treatment
but Ursodeoxycholic acid is 2nd - reduces rate progression of liver failure
which condition presents with elevated ALT, ALP and anti-mitochondrial antibody?
primary biliary cholangitis
which medication is used for dementia (Alzheimer’s)?
donepezil
what is the typical presentation of thoracic aortic dissection?
severe central chest pain radiating to the back - described as a tearing pain
what is costochondritis and what is the presentation?
inflammation of the costochondral joints of the ribs
pain is worse on movement, inspiration, coughing or sneezing
what is the typical X-ray findings of mesothelioma?
pleural plaques
what is the finding of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?
delta wave in V1, short PR interval, broad QRS; causes supraventricular tachycardia
what is the first and second line treatment of PE?
apixaban or rivaroxaban
then LMWH
which organism causes the following:
- acne vulgaris
- impetigo
- molluscum contagiosum
- warts
- tinea versicolor
- propionibacterium acnes
- staph aureus
- poxvirus
- papillomavirus
- malassezia furfur
which organism is a gram-negative, lactose-fermenting bacillus that is a common cause of UTIs?
E. coli
which organism is a gram-positive, alpha-haemolytic diplococcus that is a common cause of lobar pneumonia?
streptococcus pneumoniae
which organism is a gram-positive, cytotoxin-producing bacillus that cause pseudomembranous colitis?
clostridium difficile
which organism is a spiral-shaped, urease-positive bacillus that is a major cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease; the organism stains poorly with gram stain?
helicobacter pylori
which organism is related to rice causing gastroenteritis?
bacillus cereus
A 65 year old male patient presents to the general practitioner with a 2 week history of uncomfortable abdominal distension and anorexia. He denies shortness of breath. His wife has noticed his ankles are swollen. He has a past medical history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but continues to smoke 10 cigarettes per day.
What is the diagnosis?
cor pulmonale - right heart failure caused by chronic lung disease
what is another name for osteogenesis imperfecta?
brittle bone disease
what is the Grave’s disease triad?
- pretibial myxoedema
- thyroid ophthalmopathy
- thyroid acropachy
what are the 3 core symptoms of depression?
low mood, anergia and anhedonia
which 3 factors inhibit gastric acid?
somatostatin, secretin and cholecystokinin
which tumour marker is associated with the following:
- breast cancer
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- pancreatic and biliary tract cancer
- CA 15-3
- alphafetoprotein (AFP)
- CA 19-9
give examples of drugs that have the following mechanisms of action:
- inhibits cell wall synthesis
- inhibits protein synthesis
- affects nucleic acid synthesis
- affects function of cell membrane
- penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin
- macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin
- sulfonamides, trimethoprim, quinolones, metronidazole, rifampicin
- polymyxins
which condition is associated with De Quervain’s?
rheumatoid arthritis
which conditions are the following:
- normal calcium, phosphate, ALP and PTH
- raised calcium, normal phosphate, ALP and PTH
- raised ALP, normal calcium, phosphate and PTH
- low calcium and phosphate, high ALP and PTH
- normal phosphate and PTH, raised ALP and low calcium
- osteoporosis
- hypercalcaemia due to malignancy or hyperparathyroidism
- Paget’s disease
- osteomalacia (softening of the bones) due to lack of vitamin D
- osteopetrosis (marble bone disease) due to a defect in osteoclasts, bones are harder and are structurally abnormal
what is the discriminatory investigation for the following strokes:
- 24 y.o. presents with left hemiplegia. he has a history of anaemia and intermittent bone and abdominal pains
- 50 y.o. woman presents with an isolated homonymous hemianopia. she has an irregular pulse and a left carotid bruit
- 40 y.o. man presents with sudden onset of headache, drowsiness and right-sided weakness. he has neck stiffness but no fever
- sickle cell screen
- ECG - homonymous hemianopia most likely due to an occipital infarction. as PCA, carotid disease is unlikely - ECG confirms AF as anti-coag would be indicated
- cerebral arteriogram - sub-arachnoid haemorrhage, and so will show berry aneurysm
what is the discriminatory investigation for the following strokes:
- 60 y.o. man with hypertension presents with dysphasia and right arm weakness. he has a left carotid bruit and an ejection systolic murmur
- 35 y.o. woman has a history of migraine and recurrent miscarriages. she presents with left leg weakness. a week later she has a swollen, painful left leg
- 68 y.o. woman presents with left sided weakness and headache. she has a pulseless, tender right temporal artery
- carotid doppler - infarction in the middle cerebral artery and can be due to cardiac/carotid disease. carotid is more likely
- anti-phospholipid antibodies - patient has stroke and DVT
- ESR - rare cause of stroke is giant cell arteritis
what is Wernicke’s encephalopathy?
progressive confusional state, a/w with ataxia and ophthalmoplegia and eye signs (nystagmus and bilateral 6th nerve palsy)
it is caused by thiamine deficiency seen in those who drink excess alcohol
what are the objective signs of opioid withdrawal?
dilated pupils, yawning, rhinorrhoea (nose running), epiphora (eyes watering)
which areas does lichen planus commonly affect?
flexor surfaces of limbs and the genital area
what are the most important potential causes of erythema nodosum?
TB and sarcoidosis
what are Roth’s spots?
retinal haemorrhages usually caused by immune-complex vasculitis and bacterial endocarditis
what is Quincke’s sign?
alternate flushing and blanching of the nail bed due to pulsation - it is a sign of aortic valve insufficiency
what is a clinical feature of cyanide poisoning?
cherry red appearance of skin - think plastic burning for cyanide
