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Random Mix #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of unconjugated/indirect hyperbilirubinemia

A

Hemolytic
Physiologic
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome (=UDP-glucuronyl transferase defcy)
Gilbert Syndrome (= glucuronyltransferase mutn)

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2
Q

Causes of conjugated/direct hyperbilirubinemia

A 
Biliary tract obstruction
Biliary tract disease (primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis)
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome (=cMOAT defcy)
Rotor Syndrome (=low bilirubin transport)
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3
Q

Causes of mixed hyperbilirubinemia

A

Hepatitis

Cirrhosis

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4
Q

Trousseau Syndrome

A

Association of migratory thrombophlebitis with pancreatic cancer (or other adenocarcinoma//lung/colon/gastric)
–Seen with weight loss and abdominal pain

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5
Q

Dieterle Silver Stain is used to identify…

A

Legionella pneumophila

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6
Q

Quellung reaction is used to identify…

A

the capsular serotype of strep. pneumo.

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7
Q

Four genera that have a requirement of cysteine

A

Francisella, Brucella, Pasteurella, Legionella

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8
Q

Most common causes of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A 
Myxoedema
Edema
Diabetes mellitus
Idiopathic
Acromegaly
Neoplasm

Trauma
Rheumatoid arthritis
Amyloidosis
Pregnancy

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9
Q

Boundaries of the anatomical snuffbox

A

Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
(all innervated by Radial nerve)

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10
Q

Radial nerve is characteristically injured during what type of fracture? and/or during what type of compression?

A

Mid-humeral shaft fracture
and/or
extended axillary compression of spiral groove

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11
Q

Most common immunodeficiency in the U.S.

A

Selective IgA deficiency

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12
Q

South American malaria is resistant to…

A

chloroquine

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13
Q

Chloroquine can exacerbate the symptoms of…

A

psoriasis.

Can also cause “chloroquine retinopathy”

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14
Q

Treatment of choice for unknown species of Plasmodium falciparum that is chloroquine-resistant (or patient is unable to tolerate chloroquine)

A

Atovaquone + Proguanil

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15
Q

Combination therapy for Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Amphotericin B + Flucystocine

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16
Q

Therapy for cytomegalovirus infections

A

Gancyclovir

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17
Q

Combination therapy for life-threatening bacterial infections, i.e. pseudomonal infections

A

Gentamycin + Ceftriaxone

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18
Q

Uses of Foscarnet (phosphonoformic acid)

A

Against CMV infections with immunocompromised patients

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19
Q

Mechanism of Foscarnet

A

Inhibits viral DNA polymerase by mimicking pyrophosphate portions of nucleotide triphosphates

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20
Q

Mechanism of Tetracycline

A

Inhibits aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes

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21
Q

Mechanism of fluoroquinolones

A

Inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

22
Q

Blocks release of ACh

Causes flaccid paralysis via neurotoxin

A

Clostridium botulinum

23
Q

Blocks release of GABA and Glycine

Causes spastic paralysis via neurotoxin

A

Clostridium tetani

24
Q

Increase levels of cAMP

Enterotoxigenic

A

E. coli (ETEC)
Vibrio cholerae
Bordatella pertussis
Bacillus anthracis

25
Q

Most common urea cycle disorder

A

Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency

26
Q

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency inheritance and symptomology

A 
X-lined recessive
Lethargic neonate
Poorly controlled breathing/body temp
Unusual body movements
Hyperammonemia
Elevated glutamine
Elevated urine orotic acid
27
Q

Most distinctive glomerular lesion associated with diabetes

A

Nodular glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodule)

Characterized by:
Proteinuria/nephrotic syndrome
Nodular/ovoid hyaline masses
Thickened basement membranes

28
Q

A palpable mass in the left supraclavicular node can be the presenting finding of…

A

gastric carcinoma

29
Q

Most common causes of drug-induced lupus

A

Procainamide (sodium channel blocker)
Hydralazine (adjunct HTN therapy)
Isoniazid (TB med)

30
Q

Prototypical CREST Syndrome presentation

A 
Calcinosis/anti-Centromere antibodies
Raynaud's phenomenon
Esophagela dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasias of the skin
31
Q

Carcinomas spread via…

A

lymphatics into regional lymph nodes.

32
Q

Sarcomas and carcinomas that typically metastasize via hematogenous spread

A

Renal cell carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
Choriocarcinoma (malignancy of trophoblasts)

33
Q

Carcinoma that characteristically seeds body cavities

A

Ovarian carcinoma

esp. to peritoneum

34
Q

Von Willebrand factor is derived from…

A

Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells and alpha-granules of platelets

35
Q

Test that measures extrinsic and common pathways of coagulation cascade

A

Prothrombin Time

F7; 2, 5, 10, and fibrinogen

36
Q

Test that measures the intrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade

A

Partial Thromboplastin Time

F12, 11, 9, 8; 2, 5, 10, and fibrinogen

37
Q

Treatment for disorders of fibrinolysis due to plasmin overactivity

A

Aminocaproic Acid

blocks activation of plasminogen

38
Q

What are lines of Zahn?

A

Alternating layers of platelets/fibrin and RBCs seen with thrombosis

39
Q

What is the Virchow Triad?

A

1) disruption of blood flow
2) endothelial cell damage
3) hypercoaguable state

40
Q

Presentation of Cystathionine beta-Synthase (CBS) Deficiency

A 
Homocystinuria
Vessel thrombosis
Mental retardation
Lens dislocation
Long slender fingers
41
Q

Hookworms responsible for iron deficiency anemia in the developing world

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

Necator americanus

42
Q

Presentation of Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

A

Anemia (microcytic, iron def anemia)
Dysphagia (esophageal web)
Beefy-Red Tongue (atrophic glossitis)

43
Q

What is the rate limiting step in the production of heme?

A

Succinyl CoA ======> ALA (aminolevulinic acid)
Enzyme: [ALA synthase]
Cofactor: Vit B6

44
Q

What is the final step in the production of heme and where does it occur?

A

Iron binds to Protoporphyrin via [Ferrochelatase] in the mitochondria

45
Q

What other condition has similar iron laboratory findings as Microcytic Sideroblastic Anemia?

A

Hemachromatosis

both “iron overloaded state”

46
Q

What are the three normal types of hemoglobin?

A

alpha2 gamma2 = HbF
alpha2 beta2 = HbA
alpha2 delta2 = HbA1

47
Q

What is hemoglobin Barts?

A

Tetramer of gamma-globin chains seen with alpha-thalassemia (four gene deletions)
*incompatible with life => hydrops fetalis

48
Q

What is HbH?

A

Tetramer of beta-globin chains seen with alpha-thalassemia (three gene deletions)
=> severe anemia

49
Q

What virus can lead to an aplastic crisis with beta-Thalassemia Major or Hereditary Spherocytosis patients?

A

Parvovirus B19

50
Q

Where is folate absorbed from food?

A

Jejunum

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