Random Cardio 2

Question 1

which drugs are used in HFpEF?

Answer 1

loop diuretics e.g. furosemide (to relieve symptoms of fluid overload)

Question 2

which drugs are used in HFrEF?

Answer 2

ABAL
ACEi
Beta blockers
Aldosterone antagonists (e.g. spironolactone)
Loop diuretics (to reduce symtoms)

Question 3

which drugs improve HF symptoms?

Answer 3

digoxin
diuretics

Question 4

what are the heart failure drugs?

Answer 4

ACEi
ARBs
Beta Blockers
Mineralocorticoid antagonists- spironolactone
Digoxin
Sglt2 inhibitors
Loop diuretics
Neprilysin inhibitors

Question 5

what are examples of DOACs?
what are they used in?

Answer 5

rivaroxaban
apixaban

for DVT/ PE

Question 6

what do fibrates do?

Answer 6

increase HDL more
decrease TG (triglyceride) significantly

Question 7

how are PCSK9 inhibitors administered?

Answer 7

by subcutaneous injection

Question 8

what is an example of a thiazide-like diuretic?

Answer 8

indapamide

Question 9

What feature of the lymphatic system conveys immune surveillance?

Answer 9

lymph nodes

Question 10

the left venous angle is formed between what?

Answer 10

left IJV
left subclavian vein

Question 11

which lymph nodes do the lungs drain to?

Answer 11

bronchopulmonary -> tracheobronchial lymph nodes

Question 12

what is the origin of the thoracic duct?

Answer 12

cisterna chyli

Question 13

what is a side effect of alpha blockers?

Answer 13

postural hypotension

they cause vascular vasodilation

Question 14

what does rivaroxaban inhibit?

Answer 14

Xa

Question 15

what does dabigatran inhibit?

Answer 15

thrombin

Question 16

what is used to prevent MI in unstable angina patients?

Answer 16

tirofiban

Question 17

what do class I anti-arrhythmics do?

Answer 17

prolong refraction period
slow rate of AP

they block activated Na+ channels

Question 18

what do class II antiarrhythmics do? give an example

Answer 18

B- adrenoceptor antagonists: decrease rate of depolarisation of AV and SA nodes

Question 19

which class of anti-arrhythmics (1-4) decreases the force of cardiac contraction?

Answer 19

class IV
work on Ca2+ channels

e.g. verapamil

Question 20

which substances are abnormally regulated in AAA?

Answer 20

collagen & elastin proteins

Question 21

how are aortic dissections diagnosed (technique)?

Answer 21

CT angiogram

Question 22

what makes up acute aortic syndrome?

Answer 22

penetrating aortic ulcer (PAU)
Intra mural haematoma (IMH)
aortic dissection

Question 23

what is used to asses risk of stroke?

Answer 23

Wells score

Question 24

what test is done in DVT alongside doppler US scan?

Answer 24

d-dimer

d-dimer is released when fibrin breaks down clots

Question 25

what is the acute management of DVT?

Answer 25

• Anticoagulation - apixaban or rivaroxaban D(OACs)
• If neither apixaban or rivaroxaban are suitable then either LMWH followed by dabigatran or edoxaban

-OR LMWH followed by a vitamin K antagonist (VKA, i.e. warfarin)

Question 26

what is the secondary prevention for DVT? minimally for how long?

Answer 26

warfarin, a DOAC or LMWH

for at least 3 months

Question 27

if Wells score indicates that PE is likely, which investigation should be carried out?

Answer 27

CTPA (CT pulmonary angiogram)

Question 28

what is fondaparinux used for?

Answer 28

NSTEMI treatment

alongside aspirin

Question 29

what is the dual antiplatelet used for secondary ACS prevention?

Answer 29

aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor e.g. ticagrelor