Random Cardio Flashcards
what does the ST segment represent?
ventricular systole
what is the normal ABPI range?
0.9 - 0.12
what stage of cardiac cycle is S3?
early diastolic low frequency filling (passive filling of the ventricle)
when in the cardiac cycle is S4?
late diastolic low frequency sound- relates to active filling
which kind of murmur is mitral regurgitation?
pansystolic
which kind of murmur is pulmonary stenosis?
systolic
which time period is myocardial rupture seen after MI?
3 to 7 days
which drugs do you not give for heart failure?
CCB
which investigation can be used to diagnose PE in patients with normal CXR and no pre-existing lung disease?
V/Q scan
which investigation is the best way to characterise opacity seen on CXR?
CT
what is cardiothoracic ratio?
the ratio of the maximum diameter of the heart divided by the maximum diameter of the thorax.
where is most cardiac muscle located?
left ventricle
what are the only 2 shockable rhythms?
VF
pulseless VT
sudden onset central chest pain that radiates to the shoulders, relieved by leaning forwards is characteristic of what?
Pericarditis
what is the most common causative organism of myocarditis?
Coxsackie B virus
what is myocarditis treated with?
Ibuprofen
Colchicine
which nerve supplies the pleura and pericardium (sensory)?
phrenic
it motor innervates the diaphragm
risk factors for postural (orthostatic) hypotension?
old age, some medications and diseases, reduced intravascular volume and prolonged bedrest
what are the symptoms of vasovagal syncope?
pallor
sweating
nausea
(typical prodrome)
what is cardiac syncope caused by?
cardiac event causing sudden drop in CO e.g. arrhythmias, MI
when can you get syncope in cardiac syncope?
during exertion
when supine
what is involved in the initial evaluation of a patient presenting with TLOC?
- A careful history
Full physical examination, including:
- Orthostatic blood pressure (BP) measurement
- 12-lead ECG
what do statins do other than lower cholestrol?
prevent smooth muscle migration, foam cell formation, T cell activation, adherence and aggregation of platelets and leukocytes
what are the most common, most potent and least potent statins?
most common - atorvastatin
most potent- rosuvastatin
lest potent- fluvastatin
