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Cardiology Year 1 > Random Cardio > Flashcards

Random Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

what does the ST segment represent?

A

ventricular systole

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2
Q

what is the normal ABPI range?

A

0.9 - 0.12

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3
Q

what stage of cardiac cycle is S3?

A

early diastolic low frequency filling (passive filling of the ventricle)

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4
Q

when in the cardiac cycle is S4?

A

late diastolic low frequency sound- relates to active filling

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5
Q

which kind of murmur is mitral regurgitation?

A

pansystolic

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6
Q

which kind of murmur is pulmonary stenosis?

A

systolic

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7
Q

which time period is myocardial rupture seen after MI?

A

3 to 7 days

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8
Q

which drugs do you not give for heart failure?

A

CCB

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9
Q

which investigation can be used to diagnose PE in patients with normal CXR and no pre-existing lung disease?

A

V/Q scan

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10
Q

which investigation is the best way to characterise opacity seen on CXR?

A

CT

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11
Q

what is cardiothoracic ratio?

A

the ratio of the maximum diameter of the heart divided by the maximum diameter of the thorax.

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12
Q

where is most cardiac muscle located?

A

left ventricle

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13
Q

what are the only 2 shockable rhythms?

A

VF
pulseless VT

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14
Q

sudden onset central chest pain that radiates to the shoulders, relieved by leaning forwards is characteristic of what?

A

Pericarditis

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15
Q

what is the most common causative organism of myocarditis?

A

Coxsackie B virus

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16
Q

what is myocarditis treated with?

A

Ibuprofen
Colchicine

17
Q

which nerve supplies the pleura and pericardium (sensory)?

A

phrenic

it motor innervates the diaphragm

18
Q

risk factors for postural (orthostatic) hypotension?

A

old age, some medications and diseases, reduced intravascular volume and prolonged bedrest

19
Q

what are the symptoms of vasovagal syncope?

A

pallor
sweating
nausea
(typical prodrome)

20
Q

what is cardiac syncope caused by?

A

cardiac event causing sudden drop in CO e.g. arrhythmias, MI

21
Q

when can you get syncope in cardiac syncope?

A

during exertion
when supine

22
Q

what is involved in the initial evaluation of a patient presenting with TLOC?

A
  • A careful history

Full physical examination, including:

  • Orthostatic blood pressure (BP) measurement
  • 12-lead ECG
23
Q

what do statins do other than lower cholestrol?

A

prevent smooth muscle migration, foam cell formation, T cell activation, adherence and aggregation of platelets and leukocytes

24
Q

what are the most common, most potent and least potent statins?

A

most common - atorvastatin
most potent- rosuvastatin
lest potent- fluvastatin

25
Q

which enzymes metabolise statins?

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

alter statin concentration in blood

26
Q

what is a common PCSK9 inhibitor?

A

inclisiran

27
Q

Q
What treatment should be given for patients with infectious endocarditis if the doctor is not sure whether staph aureus or staph epidermidis caused it?

A

vancomycin

28
Q

what is the ejection fraction value to be classed as reduced ejection fraction heart failure?

A

< 40%

29
Q

what are symptoms of heart failure?

A

dyspnoea, orthopnoea, fatigue, ankle swelling, sacral oedema, reduced exercise tolerance

30
Q

what are clinical signs of heart failure?

A

tachycardia, elevated JVP, cardiomegaly, additional heart sounds, bi-basal crackles, pleural effusion, ankle oedema, pulses alternans, S3, S4. tender hepatomegaly

31
Q

what happens in left sided heart failure? reduced ejection/ preserved

A

reduced EF= Reduced contractility → systolic ventricular dysfunction → decreased LVEF → decreased cardiac output

preserved systolic= Decreased ventricular compliance → diastolic ventricular dysfunction → reduced ventricular filling and increased diastolic pressure → decreased cardiac output

Cardiology Year 1 (8 decks)

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