random Flashcards
Introduction to The Module
Name for types of habitat restoration
Re vegetation of mining sites, Wetlands Replacing agriculture removal of invasive species, re-inroduction of native species
What is the normal pH of rain water
5.64
what is the normal nitrogen phosphorus ratio
16:1
what is limiting if the n-p ratio is greater than 16:1
phosphorus
what is limiting if the n-p ratio is less than 16:1
nitrogen
Why did the 1st meander of the ere wash silt up
Very little flow, vegetation grew too quickly
The entrance to the meander was too small
How is water in man made channels often diverted
Using a weir or a rifle structure to slow flow upstream
What plant caused the siltation of lakes and meanders at erewash
Reedmace
Why did the erewash scraped perform better than the ponds
No siltarion, ponds had introduction of silt from meander
What is another name for reedmace
Typha
Why might u but a “Mexican hat” island in the middle of a pond
To protect animals in the middle from predation
What is another name for Reed canary grass
Phalaris
What physical factors can be determined by BM
Hydrological and measure effects of restoration schemes
What values are well known about protozoa sampling
Saprobic values
What chemicals are produced just downstream of a point source
Methane or hydrogen sulphide highly toxic
What are the oxygen requirements for sewerage fungus
6 to 2.5 mg/l
What is the most tolerant algae type
Stigeoclonium
Where can filamentos green algae be found
Where there are good supplies of nitrate
What does decaying algae reduce
Oxygen
What is the most tolerant macrophyte
Potamogenton (pond weed)
What is chrinonomus riparius (bloodworm)
It’s a non biting midge larva
What is the most tolerant mayfly
Baetis rhodani
What did STW cause
Point source pollution
How much did scores range by in the extended TBI
0 to 15
What are the problems with TBI and Chandler’s index
Groups difficult if species and families combined, abundance an issue as this is effected by habitat
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 10
Mainly stonesflies and sensitive mayflies and caddis flys
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 8
Native crayfish, dragon fly damsel fly and caddis fly
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 7
Tolerant mayflies, stone flys and caddis
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 6
Snails mussels and shrimps
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 5
True bugs such as water boatman and sensitive true flys
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 4
Tolerant mayflies and leeches and alderflys
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 3
Tolerant snails, bivalves leeches and hoglice
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 2
Non biting midges
What are the main creatures in BMWP group 1
Worms
How do u get ASPT
BMWP divided by number of scoring taxa
What is NTAXA in WHPT
Number of taxa contributing to the assessment
How many sites is rivpcas based on
835
What scores may phytobenthos get
Nutrient sensitivity scores
How is the ecological quality ratio calculated
Phybenthos scores compared with predicted scores
What does the river macrophyte nutrient index measure
Phosphorus and nitrogen
What does the river macrophyte hydraulic index measure
Flow conditions
When are BMWP scores normal taken
Sprint summer autumn
What is liming
Addition if calcium carbonate to increase the streams buffering tolerance
How does ledger describe acidification
Large scale removal of biodiversity
What are the main functional feeding groups
Collectors (filtering and gathering)blackfly larvae
Scrapers (grazers) maylfy nymph snails
Shredders_ crane fly larvae crustaceans
Predators_ dragon fly nymph
Why can some species of macroinvetebrate survive during acidic conditions
Have a large functional niche and so can change feeding patterns such as lecturid stone flys which go from shredders to grazers
What are the 2 stages of woolsey premilimary survey
Definition of objectives, choice of restoration measures
What are the two stages of woolseys project planning
Detailed planning of the restoration measures which will be carried out, planning od project assessment
What are the categories of macro invertebrate metrics
Richness, composition, Tolerance, feeding, habitat
What did gore say about ecosystem recovery
A return to an ecosystem which closely resembles undressed surrounding areas of source areas
What type of restoration is rarely possible
True restoration
What flow has high magnitude low frequency
Large floods
What are the benefits of large floods
Floodplain formation, wood recruitment
What are the ecological functions of base flows
Seed establishments and spawning flows
What are the ecological functions of low flows
Maintain rearing habitat, maintain vegetation
What are the ecological functions of channel forming floods
Habitat formation, gravel transport
What is an idealised system in terms of plantation
Good riparian vegetation
Why do farmers often want channelisation
Protect stock and reduce flooding
What are the main reasons for modifying channels
Regulation, urbanization, mining, flood control, irrigation, forestry
As rivers are not normally restored what are we actually doing to them
Rehabilitation
What scale must we work at for rover restoration
Catchment scale
What is stage 1 in Peterson’s building block model
Establish buffer strip
What is the second step in Peterson’s building block model
Plant with quick growing native plants, stabilize banks and provide nutrient retention
What happens to nitrogen in buffer strips
De nitriffied
What is the third step in Petersons building block model
Reduce slide slope which will reduce erosion
What is the 4th stage to petersons model
Remeander the stream
What is the 5th stage of petersons model
Add cobbles and boulders in the river
What are BMPs good for
Limiting damage to streams and enhancing restoration projects
What does TMDL help with
Total maximum daily loads, help to manage the about of nitrate and chemicals going into the water
What is rip rap
Layer of erodable material used to protect stream bank
What are the sizes of rocks used for rip rap
Angular 0.1 to 0.8 m in size
What does rip rap do to the river flow
High flow gets drown towards bank, gravel bar forms on the inside of the bed, makes outer bend deeper
What can reduce fow difficulties created by rip rap
Bank barbs, drags flow inwards, often Gabions used
What does the rock base do in willow spilling,l
Stops the bank collapsing
What is the cost of willow spilling
£115/m
What is geo textiling used for
To fix fill to the banks
Why might willow mattresses not always work
High flows river too big
How much is log toe revetment
146 per meter
What did they do on the Ogwen to improve heterogeneity of habitat
Bolder placement in the stream
Why might u not put log jams in streams
Will flood
What may u use in tandem with increasing flow velocity
Bank toe revetments
How long are logs in current flow reflectors
5 to 6 meters
Why would u use type b reflectors
Use in faster flow
Why would u add aquatic ledges
To increase the flow of the stream/ narrow
How much did it cost to re meander a 900m long stretch of the ouse
£15000
Why are the back waters 2 meters deep
To stop from over growing and siltation
Why might it take a while for fish to use spawning gravels
Need to be stable
How might u maintain gravels
Use of gabions
How are log sills used
To trap boulders and gravels for spawning
Why are there pools in a fishways
So fish can rest
What is crucial in fishways to make then attractive for fish
Attraction flow
In cold environments what might be added to culverts to reduce icing up
Electricity
How can u reduce river runoff in urban areas
Reduce paving of roads and make roads smaller
What should be the minimum length of monitoring
5 years
