random Flashcards
classify types of haematuria
Glomerular
- Often associated with proteinuria
- Urine dip stick to test
Collecting system
- microscopic
- Little/no proteinuria
- Symptoms = lion to groin pain, clots, vomiting, anuria
Focal lesion
- Often asymptomatic
- Back-pain
- palpable mass e.g. malignancy
describe the differing symptoms between nephrotic syndrome and nephritic
nephrotic
- oedema, weight gain
- frothy urine
- loss of albumin
- hyerlipidema, malnutrition, infection, thromboembolism
nephritic
- loss of RBC
- haematuria and proteinuria
- raised BP and JVP
- inflammation
- oliguria
define acute tubular necrosis
Persistent oliguria and renal failure after correction of pre-renal condition
state the major transporters in each aspect of the nephron
proximal tubule
- Na+/K+/ATPase
- glutamine = HCO3- & NH4+
TAL
- Na/2Cl/K
- ROMK
early distal
- Na/Cl
late distal/CD
- principal = ENaC & ROMK
- intercalated = H/ATPase & H/K/ATPase
name the transport channel blockers
Na/2Cl/K = furosemide
Na/Cl = thiazide
aldosterone = spirolactone
CA = acetazolamide
what determines the volume of the ECF and why?
renal Na+ handling
because the osmolality of the ECF is kept ~constant, the amount of Na+ in the body determines ECF volume. To maintain a constant ECF volume the amount of Na+ excreted needs to match the input, from diet.
Describe the tissue organisation of the ureter and bladder
- transitional epithelium - means that the ureter can expand in size when required and the epithelium can “flatten” to make more space (becomes stratified columnar to stratified squamous) –> stratified columnar –> stratified squamous
- mucous membrane for lubrication and protection of bacteria
- elastic lamina - allows stretch and recoil when lots of fluid is inside
- inner circular, outer longitudinal muscle
- adventitia (contains blood vessels and nerves)
Describe the tissue and cellular organisation of the different tubular segments of the nephron as a basis for understanding their function
PCT
- brush border = increase surface area
- pinocytosis = move large molecules
- lateral processes & infoldings
Thin descending
- simple squamous
- nuclei bulge into lumen
DCT
- no brush border or pinocytosis
- lateral processes & infoldings
- cuboidal cells
CD
- cuboidal to columnar
how is bone health affected in chronic kidney failure
there is a build-up of phosphate as it is not being excreted, this stimulates the PTH. Causing calcium to get leached out of the bones and increase the risk of fracture as a result of decreased calcium present within the bones.
what stimulates ADH release
- increase in osmolality sensed by osmoreceptors
- decrease in BP sensed by baroreceptos
describe the different prostatic zones
transitional zone
- BHP
- around urethra
peripheral
- where most carcinomas occur
- atrophy
treatment for tumours of the bladder
- superficial = BCG
- into detrusor muscle = cystectomy
define engagement
refers to how deep the presenting part is engaged in the bony pelvis
endometrial tumour types
non-neoplastic = endometriosis
pre-malignant = hyperplasia
benign = endometrial polyps
malignant = endometrial adenocarcinoma
fallopian tube tumour types
non-neoplastic = salphagitis
pre-malignant = tubular intraepitheial carcinoma
benign = adenotamoid tumour
malignant = carcinoma
