haematuria and proteinuria Flashcards
describe haematuria and its causes
= blood in the urine
- may be a result of glomerular disease, tumour or infection
describe proteinuria and how it is identified
- protein in the urine mainly albumin
- measured by a 24-hour urine test
causes of microalbuminuria
- diabetes mellitus
- fever
- exercise
- heart failure
- poor glycaemic control
describe nephrotic syndrome
> 3.5g/day urinary protein - leaky disease
- low serum albumin
- oedema
- frothy urine
- hypercholesterolemia
- blood clots
- kideny function can be normal or abnormal
what is the mechanism for oedema
increased albumin excretion, liver cant keep up
reduction in oncotic pressure
egression of fluid into interstitial space
what else goes wrong with nephrotic syndrome
low plasma oncotic pressure causing increased production of lipoproteins from the liver. As a result increased production of cholesterol, consequently affecting cardiovascular system
also increased risk for infection & malnutrition
describe acute glomerulonephritis
is rapidly progressive, acute renal failure leaky glomerular (blood & protein) may have nephritic syndrome - unwell - oliguric - hypertensive - volume overload (oedema)
what is the difference between nephritis and nephrotic
nephritis = acute renal failure (injury)
nephrotic = protein loss (oedema)
how can you tell if an acute renal failure is due to nephritic syndrome or not
will have protein or blood in the urine (could however be due to diabetes)
origins of haematuria
- bleeding from somewhere in the urinary tract
- glomerular (often associated with proteinuria)
- collecting system (often not associated with proteinuria)
- focal lesion e.g. tumour
describe the incidence and aetiology of renal cell carcinoma
more common in male than female
caused by smoking or genetic
