pathology testis and penis Flashcards
describe non-testicular scrotal masses
- hernia
- hydrocoele
- haematocoele
- epididymis
what is the clinical presentation of someone with testicular tumours
- enlargement or irregularity of testis
- may be with metastatic disease
- hormonal effects
where is the origin of germ cell neoplasms
totipotent cells
what are the types of non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (GCT)
- embryonic carcinoma
- teratoma
- choriocarcinoma
- yolk sac tumour
causes of non-seminomatous GCT
genetic factors
- slight increase in family members
- undescended testes
- low incidence in african and black americans
environment factors not known
pathogenesis (pre-disposing factors) of non-seminomatous GCT
- cryptorchidism
- gonadal dysgenesis
- intratubular germ cell neoplasia (CIS)
genetic changes = 12p increases copies
macroscopic appearances
- expands testis, replaces normal tissue
- confined within T. albuginea
- cut surface
choriocarcinoma = hemorrhage
teratoma = variegated: cartilage, cysts
type of gonadal germ cell tumours
seminoma
types of embryonic cell tumours
- teratoma (derm e.g. ectoderm etc)
- choriocarcinoma (trophoblast)
- yolk sac tumour
how is it diagnosed
clinical examination
ultrasound, to confirm
inguinal orchidectomy
pathological examination
how is staging regulated
- chest x-ray
- CT scan of chest, abdomen, pelvis
- serum tumour markers
spread of testicular GCT
local invasion
- into rete testis % epididymis (uncommon)
lymphatic
- common iliac & para-aortic
haematogenous
- lung, liver etc
- later in seminomas
tumour markers
HCG
- choriocarcinomas
- malignant teratomas
- some seminomas
AFP
- yolk sac tumours - malignant teratomas
management (post-orchidectomy)
seminoma
- radiotherapy
- extensive = chemotherapy
NSGCT
-intensive surveillance
diseases of the penis
skin diseases and venereal diseases
carcinoma (SqCC)
