Random Flashcards
Describe why a newborns first breath must be forceful and list factors that stimulate it
-To overcome surface tension in the lungs expand them and drive out fluid that filled them in the womb allowing for efficient gas exchange
-Labor contractions, acidosis, tactile and cold stimuli, clamping umbilical cord, sensory stimulation, brain stem signaling system
Process of cleavage, formation of morula, blastocyst
After fertilization, zygote undergoes rapid mitotic divisions (cleavage) to form a solid ball of cells
-Cells produced are blastomeres
-Solid ball of cells from progression of cleavage(16-32) cells
-Morula divides and develops fluid filled cavity called blastocoel
-Blastocyst is hollow sphere of cells with embryo blast that’ll form the embryo (Crucial for implantation)
Formation of placenta and functions
Forms from trophoblast after implantation
-Consists of three layers:inner amnion, outer chorion, decides of maternal endometrium
Roles of HCl, pepsinogen, somatostatin, ghrelin, gastrin
-Hcl: creates acidic environment in stomach, denatures proteins, activates pepsinogen, aids in b12 absorption
-Pepsinogen: inactive precursor of pepsin, digestive enzymes
Somatostatin: Inhibits release of other hormones and gastric acid secretion, acts as brake on digestion
-Ghrelin: Stimulates appetite, increase gastric activity and secretion
- Gastrin: Stimulates GA secretion by parietal cell, promotes gastric motility and gastric mucosal growth
Identify role of compliment system in immunity
Pathways of activation: Classical, alternate
-Mech of action: enhanced inflammation, opsonization, Cytolysis
-Classical: antibody binds to foreign cell, exposes complement- binding sites
-Antibody binds complement proteins c1,c2,c4
Alternates complement factors B,D,P bind to polysaccharides of microbial cell walls
-Complement protein c3 as result for both
Define senescence
-A state of permanent cell arrest where cells stop dividing but remain metabolically active and can release harmful substances contribution to aging and age related disease
- Triggered by dna damage and telomere shortening
Causes implantation and tissue disfunction
Distinguish vitamin and mineral
Vitamins: Organic compounds, used in small amounts, aid in enhancing enzyme activity and good for growth and health
Mineral:Inorganic ( no carbon) help with function of cells not easily broken down by heat, air, or acid
Explain why embryone period is critical
Fundamental structures and organs of developing embryo form, making it highly susceptible to environmental factors and potential for major birth defects
- Organogenesis takes place during period where organs form
-Neural tube forms
-miscarriages occur during this stage
Discuss events that occur during birth process
Dilation and effacement: Starts with regular contractions; ends when cervix is fully dilated
Pushing and delivery: Begins once cervix is fully dilated ends with delivery
Delivery of placenta: Baby is delivered and placenta is out through expulsion or afterbirth
Trace pathway of blood from placenta to fetus to placenta
Placenta to fetus
-Umbilical vein>ductus verosus> Inferior vena cava> Right atrium> foramen ovale> left ventricle> aorta> body tissues
Fetus to placenta
-Umbilical arteries > placenta
How does humoral immune system counter an infection by a pathogen
B cells bind to antigen
After costimulation by TH cell, divide repeatedly, produce antibodies
Antibodies bind to antigen, render it harmless, tag it
Antibodies activate complement system
Eliminate toxins, extra cellular pathogens
Time frames for developing fetus
1-2: Implantation and conception
3-8: Embryo develops major organs and body structures
9: Now a fetus and sex is determined
10: Fingers, toes, nails develop
11. Bones harden
12:Most organs are formed
14-16: Eyelids, upper lip and ears developing
17:baby starts adding fat
18:Hearing develops
20:Mother can feel movements
22: Hair becomes visible
23:Finger prints and footprints form
24: Baby’s skin wrinkled see through
26:Eye brows and eyelashes
27:Lungs and organs developing
32-36: gain weight
37-40:Considered full term
