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random Flashcards

1
Q

hcg is secreted by

A

syncytiotrophoblast

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2
Q

Where is testosterone secreted m

A

Leydig cells

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3
Q

Where is testosterone secreted f

A

Thecal cells/adrenals

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4
Q

Where is progesterone secreted m

A

Adrenals

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5
Q

Where is progesterone secreted f

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts, corpus luteum

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6
Q

Where is oestrogen secreted f

A

Granulosa cells

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7
Q

What is GnRH? Where secreted

A

Gonadotrophic release hormone
Secreted in hypothalamus

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8
Q

What does gnrh do where released, where act?

A

Goes from hypothalamus to pituitary-> secretion of lh and fsh

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9
Q

Where does spermatogenesis take place

A

Seminiferous tubules

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10
Q

What is the most active form of testosterone

A

5dht

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11
Q

Why do Sertoli cells release ABP

A

Androgen bonding protein. Binds testosterone and releases it slowly

Also makes it less lipophilic so it doesn’t leak out as easily

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12
Q

What happens when fsh reaches Sertoli cells

A

More androgen receptors expressed

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13
Q

What is the hormone that provides the negative feedback in men when testosterone etc get too high

A

Inhibin

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14
Q

how long after delivery until uterus is no longer palpable

A

9 days

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15
Q

3 ways uterus retyrns to normal

A

ischemia (reduced blood supply), autolysis, phagocytosis

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16
Q

what lochias are there

A

rubra 3-4 days red
serosa 4-12 days brown
alba 12da-3w

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17
Q

what stops milk during preg

A

progesterone and oestrogen high levels

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18
Q

what makes mother insulin resistant so glucose goes to the baby

A

hpl

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19
Q

cells whih produce milk

A

alveoli

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20
Q

what

A
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21
Q

where is colostrum stored

A

breast sinuses

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22
Q

prolactin produced in

A

anterior pituitary

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23
Q

oxytocin prodused in

A

posterior pituitary

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24
Q

suckling stimullates

A

prolactin and oxytocin -> milk manufacture and ejection - postivie feedback

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25
Q

ejection of milk is called

A

galactokinesis

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26
Q

what is preterm

A

anything up to 36+6

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27
Q

who do you plot on the preterm chart

A

only preterm babies

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28
Q

what is used as “term”

A

40 weeks

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29
Q

what do you gestationally correct to

A

40 weeks

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30
Q

if a child is born at 35 weeks, how do you adjust

A

5 weeks backwards,

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31
Q

when does growth hormone kick in

A

about 6 y

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32
Q

what is andrenarche

A

increase in androgen production 6-10yo

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33
Q

what is pubic hair start

A

pubarche

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34
Q

what is breast budding

A

thelarche

35
Q

what probably starts puberty

A

leptin

36
Q

when can you pause puberty

A

tanner stage 2

37
Q

when does puberty become irreversible

A

Tanner stage 3

38
Q

when would you want to pause puberty

A

precocious puberty

39
Q

what Tanner stage is sexual maturity

A

5

40
Q

what is McCune Albright syndrome

A

Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, pigmentation, precocious puberty

41
Q

what merits global devtl delay

A

2 x milestones in defferent categories not met

42
Q

what are 2 big motor milestones

A

walk at 18mo
pincer grip at 9/10mo (by one year)

43
Q

3 reasons delayed puberty

A

genetic Klinefelters or Turner’s XO
nutrition
constitutional (healthy short back to legs ratio)

44
Q

WHEN DOES MYELINATION HAPPEN

A

first two years

45
Q

what does cerebellum do for babies

A

co-ordination. cerebellar programmed activities

46
Q

how much brain mass developed by age of 2

A

75%

47
Q

when in pregnancy is stress most teratogenic

A

2 mo

48
Q

what is doctor word for squint

A

strabismus

49
Q

which nerve usually affected in strabismus

A

vi (lateral rectus)

50
Q

when does rooting reflex integrate

A

3-4 months as vision improves

51
Q

what is moro reflex

A

startle - let go of baby
arms flail out

52
Q

when does stepping reflex go

A

6 wks

53
Q

what is persistence of primitive reflex indicative of

A

pathology

54
Q

what is the prochordal plate

A

future site of the mouth. fusion of epiblast and hypoblast

55
Q

which is the caudal end of this embryo

A

the streak end

56
Q

spina bifida

A

posterior neuropore day 27 x

57
Q

anterior neuropore x closure

A

anencephaly

58
Q

What does the lumen of the neural tube give rise to?

A

ventricles of brain and sc

59
Q

Which brain vesicle contributes to the cerebral aqueduct

A

Mesencephalon

60
Q

primary chorionic villi?

A

protrude into lacunae, non-vasc

61
Q

2ary chorionic villii

A

have loose connective tissue, still non-vasc

62
Q

3ary chorionic villi

A

vascularised

63
Q

what is the telomere seq

A

TTA GGG

64
Q

why do cells enter senescence

A

telomeres too short

65
Q

what is the Hayflick limit

A

no of passes a cell will replicate b4 entering senescence. linked to telomere length

66
Q

what enzyme keeps the telomeres

A

telomerase

67
Q

hallmarks of ageing

A
68
Q

antioxidants

A

bilirubin, enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, dietary

69
Q

what protein alzheimer’s

A

beta amyloid

70
Q

what leads to collagen lining up properly

A

glucose is glycosylated and attached funny to the layers, lining them up badly

71
Q

what is the most proven way to achieve lengevity

A

caloric restriction

72
Q

why are epigenetics useful therapeutucallu

A

reversible eg methyl grps can be added or taken off

73
Q

CpG islands

A

at promoter regions in genes

74
Q

stem cells can divide indefinitely Y/N

A

Y

75
Q

characteristics of sembryonic stem cells

A

Oct4 Nanog markers, clonal (no telomrere shortening), immortal

76
Q

what is directed differentiation

A

try to make stem cell into specialised cells by replicating the body functions to make this happen

77
Q

iPS cells

A

take differentiated cell such as skin cell, add different genes, cells de-differentiate - induced pluripotent stemcells

78
Q

genes in iPS are no longer reintroduced by viruses, how are they?

A

mRNA

79
Q

what do you do with iPS

A

differentiate it into a desired cell type such as pigmented retinal epithelium

80
Q

what are organoids

A

mini organs made in the lab for study

81
Q

adult stem cell

A

multipotent eg haemapoietic cells

82
Q

What vessel carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the foetus?

A

umbilical vein

83
Q

what are 5 regions of primitive heart tube

A

truncus arteriosus - proximal aorta and pulm artery
primitive ventricle - left ventr
primitive atrium - l and r atria
bulbus cordis - ventricular outflow tracts and r ventr
sinus venosus - smooth part of r atrium and coronary sinus

84
Q

which CN arch 1,2,3,4

A

5,7,9,10

human development (12 decks)

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