random Flashcards
hcg is secreted by
syncytiotrophoblast
Where is testosterone secreted m
Leydig cells
Where is testosterone secreted f
Thecal cells/adrenals
Where is progesterone secreted m
Adrenals
Where is progesterone secreted f
Syncytiotrophoblasts, corpus luteum
Where is oestrogen secreted f
Granulosa cells
What is GnRH? Where secreted
Gonadotrophic release hormone
Secreted in hypothalamus
What does gnrh do where released, where act?
Goes from hypothalamus to pituitary-> secretion of lh and fsh
Where does spermatogenesis take place
Seminiferous tubules
What is the most active form of testosterone
5dht
Why do Sertoli cells release ABP
Androgen bonding protein. Binds testosterone and releases it slowly
Also makes it less lipophilic so it doesn’t leak out as easily
What happens when fsh reaches Sertoli cells
More androgen receptors expressed
What is the hormone that provides the negative feedback in men when testosterone etc get too high
Inhibin
how long after delivery until uterus is no longer palpable
9 days
3 ways uterus retyrns to normal
ischemia (reduced blood supply), autolysis, phagocytosis
what lochias are there
rubra 3-4 days red
serosa 4-12 days brown
alba 12da-3w
what stops milk during preg
progesterone and oestrogen high levels
what makes mother insulin resistant so glucose goes to the baby
hpl
cells whih produce milk
alveoli
what
where is colostrum stored
breast sinuses
prolactin produced in
anterior pituitary
oxytocin prodused in
posterior pituitary
suckling stimullates
prolactin and oxytocin -> milk manufacture and ejection - postivie feedback
ejection of milk is called
galactokinesis
what is preterm
anything up to 36+6
who do you plot on the preterm chart
only preterm babies
what is used as “term”
40 weeks
what do you gestationally correct to
40 weeks
if a child is born at 35 weeks, how do you adjust
5 weeks backwards,
when does growth hormone kick in
about 6 y
what is andrenarche
increase in androgen production 6-10yo
what is pubic hair start
pubarche
what is breast budding
thelarche
what probably starts puberty
leptin
when can you pause puberty
tanner stage 2
when does puberty become irreversible
Tanner stage 3
when would you want to pause puberty
precocious puberty
what Tanner stage is sexual maturity
5
what is McCune Albright syndrome
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, pigmentation, precocious puberty
what merits global devtl delay
2 x milestones in defferent categories not met
what are 2 big motor milestones
walk at 18mo
pincer grip at 9/10mo (by one year)
3 reasons delayed puberty
genetic Klinefelters or Turner’s XO
nutrition
constitutional (healthy short back to legs ratio)
WHEN DOES MYELINATION HAPPEN
first two years
what does cerebellum do for babies
co-ordination. cerebellar programmed activities
how much brain mass developed by age of 2
75%
when in pregnancy is stress most teratogenic
2 mo
what is doctor word for squint
strabismus
which nerve usually affected in strabismus
vi (lateral rectus)
when does rooting reflex integrate
3-4 months as vision improves
what is moro reflex
startle - let go of baby
arms flail out
when does stepping reflex go
6 wks
what is persistence of primitive reflex indicative of
pathology
what is the prochordal plate
future site of the mouth. fusion of epiblast and hypoblast
which is the caudal end of this embryo
the streak end
spina bifida
posterior neuropore day 27 x
anterior neuropore x closure
anencephaly
What does the lumen of the neural tube give rise to?
ventricles of brain and sc
Which brain vesicle contributes to the cerebral aqueduct
Mesencephalon
primary chorionic villi?
protrude into lacunae, non-vasc
2ary chorionic villii
have loose connective tissue, still non-vasc
3ary chorionic villi
vascularised
what is the telomere seq
TTA GGG
why do cells enter senescence
telomeres too short
what is the Hayflick limit
no of passes a cell will replicate b4 entering senescence. linked to telomere length
what enzyme keeps the telomeres
telomerase
hallmarks of ageing
antioxidants
bilirubin, enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, dietary
what protein alzheimer’s
beta amyloid
what leads to collagen lining up properly
glucose is glycosylated and attached funny to the layers, lining them up badly
what is the most proven way to achieve lengevity
caloric restriction
why are epigenetics useful therapeutucallu
reversible eg methyl grps can be added or taken off
CpG islands
at promoter regions in genes
stem cells can divide indefinitely Y/N
Y
characteristics of sembryonic stem cells
Oct4 Nanog markers, clonal (no telomrere shortening), immortal
what is directed differentiation
try to make stem cell into specialised cells by replicating the body functions to make this happen
iPS cells
take differentiated cell such as skin cell, add different genes, cells de-differentiate - induced pluripotent stemcells
genes in iPS are no longer reintroduced by viruses, how are they?
mRNA
what do you do with iPS
differentiate it into a desired cell type such as pigmented retinal epithelium
what are organoids
mini organs made in the lab for study
adult stem cell
multipotent eg haemapoietic cells
What vessel carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the foetus?
umbilical vein
what are 5 regions of primitive heart tube
truncus arteriosus - proximal aorta and pulm artery
primitive ventricle - left ventr
primitive atrium - l and r atria
bulbus cordis - ventricular outflow tracts and r ventr
sinus venosus - smooth part of r atrium and coronary sinus
which CN arch 1,2,3,4
5,7,9,10
