embryology Flashcards
what does neural crest form
melanocytes, pns glia, sensory neurons, teeth, connective tissue, adrenal medulla
spina bifida is caused by
neural tube doesn’t close at the bottom
what happens when neural tube doesn’t close anteriorly
anancephaly
what are formed in week 4
branchial arches
what causes cleft palate
failure of palatal shelves to fuse
what cuases cleft lip
failure of maxilla to fuse with medial nasal prominence
when does heart start pumping blood
day 22
atrioseptal defect
patent formane ovale
ventriculoseptal defect
most common defect
what is transposition of teh great vessels
aorta comes of right ventricle and pulm trunk comes off lv. blood just goes roudn the body and is never oxygenated because ivc and svc drain back into the right
tetralogy of fallot 4 signs
hypertrophic right ventricle
massive aorta
tiny pulmonary trunk
ventriculoseptal sefect
which stomach wall becomes anterior
left
which vagus innervates posterior stomah
right
vollvulus
necrotic twisty guts
omphalocele
guts don’t go back in but are protected by membrane
gastroschisis
guts fall out on rhs of umbilicus. have to be protected by plastic bag until are resorbed
percentage of livebirths with congenital defects
20%
what does infant mortality mean
death in 1st year of life
rate of heart defects
1%
what does roaccutan do
kill neural crest cells
epilepsy drugs teratogen
phenytoin sodium valproate
why have some congenital birth defects increased
older prima gravida, teenage preg
how much folic acid
400ug 3 months prior to pregnancy, 5 mg for high risk preg
what is folic acid for
making purines - DNA
how does vitamin d help pregnancy
increase ca absroption in the mother, inhibits prematurity
when is embryonic - fetal
8 wks
what is the doctor word for birth
parturition
what is talipes equinovarus
club foor
what is hypospadias
urethral tract is not closed properly
what is cryptorchidism
undescended testis 1-4%
what is holoprosencephaly - cause
midline structures are lost - no corpus callosum - fas
what is 3 days after fertilization ball of cells called
morula
what is situs inversus
all organs on the wrong sides
what is nuchal translucency test
increased gap above back/neck ligament
what is high and low AFP, Estriol, hCG, Inhibin A in aneupliodies
what is nipt test
non invasive prenatal test. looks for aneuploidies
what is a marker of pre-eclampsia
proteinuria
what is hydatiform mole
nucleus-less oocyte is fertilized, only placenta forms
