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PHAR 262 > Radiopharmaceutical Localization > Flashcards

Radiopharmaceutical Localization Flashcards

1
Q

Which portion of the radiopharmaceutical is primarily responsible for localization?

A

pharmaceutical but in newer RP, the radionuclide as well

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2
Q

what is the difference between radionuclides that are TAGGED RP and ESSENTIAL RP?

A

tagged is when uptake is completely dependent on the pharmaceutical

essential is describing when the radionuclide is needed or else localization of the pharmaceutical would not occur

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3
Q

what is biodistribution? what else is it called?

A

aka biorouting

it describes the organs where the rp collects

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4
Q

what is “high first pass extraction efficiency” describing?

A

wanting the uptake in the organ of interest to be fast; wanting the uptake the first time blood circulates through the organ of interest

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5
Q

what is compartmental localization?

A

when the RP is introduced to an enclosed compartment and is to remain there during imaging

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6
Q

what can be assessed with compartmental localization?

A
  • uniform distribution
  • leakage in compartment
  • flow/movement in compartment
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7
Q

what is the difference between active transport and diffusion across a cell membrane?

A

active requires ATP due to the movement of ions from lower to higher concentrations

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8
Q

what are the three types of diffusion?

A
  1. simple
  2. filtration
  3. facilitated
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9
Q

describe simple diffusion.

A

movement of ions solely on concentration gradient and the characteristics of the rp

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10
Q

what type of molecules diffuse the easiest across membranes?

A

lipophilic + small molecules

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11
Q

describe filtration diffusion.

A

passive movement dependent on pressure gradient

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12
Q

describe facilitated diffusion.

A

the use of carrier or transport proteins to help with the movement of SELECTIVE molecules across membranes

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13
Q

does facilitated diffusion require energy?

A

no.

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14
Q

how is active transport similar to facilitated diffusion?

A

they both require transport proteins to move SELECTIVE substances across membranes

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15
Q

when active transport is used to move a substance out of an organ, what is that called?

A

secretion

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16
Q

what is an example of active transport in thyroid glands?

A

iodine is needed to create thyroid hormones T3/T4
therefore, with the use of radioiodine and 99mTcO4-, they get actively transported into the thyroid gland

17
Q

what is an example of active transport in the liver?

A

99mTc IDA agents are treated like toxins which allows it to get actively transported into the hepatocytes to be secreted in bile

17
Q

what is an example of active transport in kidneys?

A

99mTc-MAG3 gets excreted through tubular secretion

18
Q

what is an example of active transport in the heart?

A

use of Tl-201 so it can be moved into the myocardial cells by the sodium/potassium pump

19
Q

what organs are part of the RES (reticuloendothelial system)?

A
  • liver
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
20
Q

what causes colloid shift?

A

immunosuppression that causes less uptake in the liver and more in bone marrow and spleen than expected

21
Q

smaller particles show more uptake in which res organ?

A

bone marrow

22
Q

larger particles show more uptake in which res organ?

A

liver/spleen

23
Q

what is the expected size of MAA particles?

A

10-90 um

24
Q

what can happen if RP particles are too large?

A

it’ll cause a large embolus

25
Q

what can happen if RP particles are too small?

A

no blockage in capillaries which results in uptake in res

25
Q

what can happen if there is too many RP particles?

A

it can cause pulmonary hypertension

26
Q

what can happen if there is too few particles?

A

it’ll result in patchy uptake and possibly a false positive (cold spots)

27
Q

what is chemisorption?

A

binding of a substance to a solid surface

28
Q

what is the lock and key type mechanism?

A

describes receptor binding which means that some rps are binding to specific cell receptors

29
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

chemical signals that WBCs are attracted to

30
Q

what are types of RP localization?

A
  • compartmental localization
  • active transport and diffusion
  • phagocytosis
  • capillary blockage (blockade)
  • chemisorption
  • receptor binding
  • cell migration (chemotaxis)
31
Q

what RP is used for chemotaxis?

A

tc-99m or In-111 labelled wbcs

32
Q

what are iatrogenic effects?

A

things caused by the diagnosis, manner, or treatment by a physician

33
Q

for RPs, what does iatrogenic effects mean?

A

alteration in biodistribution due to medications the patient is taking

PHAR 262 (12 decks)

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