Radiology Quiz 2 Flashcards
What is Acetic Acid?
Removes acids from film
What agents are the hardening agents used to shrink and harden gelatin in emulsion?
Potassium aluminum and aluminum sulfate
What preserves the fixer?
Sodium sulfite preservative
What does sodium thiosulfate fixing agent (aka clearing solution) do?
It removes unexposed unenergized undeveloped silver crystals from emulsion
What is the fixer job?
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals and creates white/clear areas on film
What is the developer job?
Builds contrast and brings out the latent image and converts silver crystals into metallic silver
What is hydroquione?
Generates black tones
Elon and metal?
Generates gray tones
Sodium sulfite preservative?
Helps preserve developer
What is sodium carbonate accelerator? Aka activator
Softens the film gelatin to allow developing agent to reach silver crystals
What does potassium bromide restrainer control?
Controls the activity of developing agent and helps prevent chemical fog on film
What are two automatic professors?
Perio-Pro (tracks)
AT/2000 (rollers)
How long does automatic processing take?
4-7 minutes
An illumination will not affect the X-ray film as long as it is placed _____ above the work surface
3-4 feet
Liquids concentrate need to be changed every ______.
3-4 weeks
What is the developer temp for the automatic processor?
80-95 degrees F
Automatically tempered
What are the steps for the automatic processor?
- Developer
- Fixer
- Water (rinse)
- Drying
When do we replenish the developer and fixer?
Daily
When do we change water?
Daily
When do you disassemble and clean the automatic processor?
2-3 weeks
How long does manual processing take?
34 minutes
What is the developer temperature for manual processing?
68-70 degrees F
Floating thermometer
How often do you clean dip tanks aka manual?
3-4 weeks
How long do you keep film in developer for manual processing?
68 degrees - 4 1/2 min
70 degrees - 4 min
What are the steps for manual processing?
- Developer
- Rinse (20 seconds)
- Fixer (10 minutes)
- Wash (20 minutes)
- Dry = using X-ray film rack
How often should you check for light leaks in the dark room?
6 months
What is a coin test?
Put a coin over an unexposed film and let it sit for 3 minutes under the safe light, process the film. If u see outline you have fogging and diagnostic information is being compromised
Safelight test
What does MPD stand for?
Maximum permissible dose of radiation, humans can receive this amount with NO ILL EFFECTS
Give examples of background radiation people are subjected to on a daily basis.
Smoke detectors, cooking with natural gas, airplane, sleeping next to someone, living in brick house, reading a book for 3 hours
What are silver halide bromide salts and their purpose?
They absorb radiation during X-ray exposure and store energy from radiation
What is the safelight and its purpose in a dark room?
An illumination that will not affect the X-ray film
What is the appropriate watts for a red and yellow safelight in the dark room?
Red - 15 watts
Yellow - 7.5-10 watts
What is the minimum and maximum safe distance from safelight and film?
3 to 4 feet
What are the processing steps when using the for automatic processing unit? (4)
Developer
Fixer
Water
Drying
What is the processing steps when using manual dip tanks?(5)
Developer Rinse (20 seconds) Fixer (10 min) Wash (20 min) Dry
What is a daylight loader?
A light shielded compartment attached to an automatic processor allowing films to be unwrapped in a room with white light
Infra oral film sizes and speeds
#0 - pedo (2-5 years) #1 - anterior film 20 Ct (age 6) #2 - adult film 18 fms #3 - long bitewing #4 - occlusal film
Another name for paralleling technique?
Long come/right angle
Paralleling technique year?
1920
What does REM stand for and what does it measure?
Roentgen equivalent man(human)
It measures biological effects and response
Dose equivalent
What does RAD stand for and what does it measure?
radiation absorbed dose
It measure absorbed dose in the “body”
What does R stand for and what does it measure
Roentgen
It measures the exposure of radiation in the “air”
How can safe light in dark room be tested?
Coin test
What is the FFD stand for?
Focal film distance
What is the OFD stand for?
Object film distance
Taking FMS on an edentulous patient, what would be the possible reasons, what is dentist looking to see?
Residual root tips
Unerupted teeth
Any pathologies
What is the purpose of the developer during the film and processing segment?
Reduces the exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver and creates dark and black areas on film
What is the purpose of the fixer during the film processing segment?
Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals, creates white or clear areas on the film
Know the chemicals that make up the developer and fixer.
Developer (6)
Fixer (5)
Developer
- Hydroquinone
- Elon
- Metol
- Sodium sulfite preservative
- Sodium carbonate accelerator(activator)
- Potassium bromide restrainer
Fixer
- Sodium thiosulfate fixing agent and cleaning solution
- Sodium sulfite preservative
- Potassium aluminum
- Aluminum sulfide
- Acetic acid
What does hydroquinone do?
Generates black tones
What does Elon and metol do?
Generate gray tones
What does sodium sulfite preservative do?
Helps preserve fixer and developer
What does sodium carbonate accelerator do? (Activator)
Softens the film gelatin to allow developing agent to reach crystals
What is potassium bromide restrainer?
Controls the activity of the developing agent and helps to prevent chemical fog on film
Potassium aluminum/aluminum sulfide?
Hardening agents used to shrink and harder gelatin in emulsion
What would make a coin test fail?
The safelight was either mounted below 3 feet/bulb was too strong or wattage was off
What does radiopaque mean, and give examples of what would appear as radiopacity on a radiograph?
Not transparent to radiation
White and gray areas on radiograph
Amalgam and crowns
What does radiolucent mean and give examples of what would appear as a radiolucency on a radiograph?
Transparent to radiation
Black areas on radiograph
Pulp and cavities
What should the temperature of the developing solution be to prevent overdevelopment of the film both manually and automatically?
Man - 68-70 degrees F
Automatic - 80-95 degrees F
If reticulation is noticed on a radiograph, what is wrong with the developing segment of manual processing dip tanks?
The temperature of the fixer and developer are way to low causing reticulation (goes below 68-70)
What is radioresistent mean and give an example of what tissues and organs that are radioresistent to radiation
Substance or tissue that is not easily injured(resistant) by ionizing radiation
- Kidneys
- Nerves
- Liver
- Connective tissue
- Brain
What is radiosensitive mean and give an example of what tissues/organs that are radiosensitive to radiation
Substance or tissue that is relatively susceptible (sensitive to injury from radiation)
- Thyroids
- Gonads
- Skin
- Bone marrow/bone cells
- Blood and blood cells
What is reduction?
When the image is being processed
What is the difference between curve of spee and curve of
Wilson?
Wilson - lingual
Spee - labial
Somatic and genetic?
Somatic - changes in cells that are not passed on to next generations (everything but reproductive cells)
EX: erythema/cataracts
Genetic - changes in cells that are passed on to future generations
EX: Down syndrome/deformities/miscarriages
What is cumulative effect and how does it effect humans?
The amount of radiation that you get over time that never goes away, it effects humans because they are exposed to radiation
What is C/KG stand for, and what does it measure?
Coulombs per kilogram - exposure of radiation in the air
What does GY stand for, and what does it measure?
Gray - measures absorbed does in body
What is a dose?
Term used to measure radiation
What is the Sv stand for, and what does it measure?
Sievert - measures the biological effects and response
What will happen if X-ray films are Not properly washed during manual processing?
How can it be prevented?
It will turn yellowish brown, make sure you are washing for the exact 20 minutes
What natural source of radiation provides the greatest amount of background radiation to humans?
Radon
How often should radiographic solutions be changed in automatic processor?
2-3 weeks
How often should the water be changed in automatic and manual?
Daily
How often should solutions be changed in manual processing?
3-4 weeks
Excessive and inadequate vertical angulation cause what to happen to the film?
Elongation - caused by too little
Foreshortening - caused by too much
What does incorrect horizontal angulation cause?
Overlapping - teeth appear to touch
