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SEM 1 > Radiology: Midterm review > Flashcards

Radiology: Midterm review Flashcards

1
Q

Anything that occupies space and has mass

A

Matter

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2
Q

A tiny, invisible particle that is the fundamental unit of matter

A

Atom

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3
Q

The smallest part of an element that has the properties of that element

A

Atom

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4
Q

What is the most simple Atom?

A

Hydrogen

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5
Q

Atoms are arranged in increasing atomic number on a chart known as the

A

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

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6
Q

The core of the atom

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

A

Atomic weight

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8
Q

The number of protons inside the nucleus = the number of electrons
outside the nucleus

A

Atomic number

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9
Q

Tiny negatively charged particles that have very little mass

A

Electrons

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10
Q

Production of ions, or the process of converting an atom into ions

A

Ionization

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11
Q

___ is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons, making it positively or negatively charged

A

Ion

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12
Q

Stream of high speed electrons originating in an x-ray tube

A

Cathode ray

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13
Q

A

A

Filament & electron cloud

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14
Q

B

A

Molybdenum cup

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15
Q

C

A

Cathode (-)

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16
Q

D

A

Tube window

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17
Q

E

A

Useful x-ray beam

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18
Q

F

A

Anode (+)

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19
Q

G

A

Copper stem

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20
Q

H

A

Vacuum

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21
Q

I

A

Glass envelope

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22
Q

J

A

Tungsten target

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23
Q

Negative charge terminal

A

Cathode

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24
Q

A metal with a very high melting point

A

Tungsten

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25
Q

Positive charge terminal

A

Anode

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26
Q

PID

A

Position Indicating device

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27
Q

used to direct x-radiation to the client’s face

A

PID

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28
Q

Today the cones are ____ lined to prevent the escape of scatter
radiation

A

lead

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29
Q

Lead plate with a central hole that fits directly over the opening of the metal housing where the x-rays exit

A

Collimator

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30
Q

Filters out long wavelengths with poor penetration power

A

Aluminum filter

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31
Q

If the mA is set at 13, will that result in a darker or lighter image that if it were taken at 8 mA?

A

Darker

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32
Q

is the highest voltage to which the current in an x-ray machine uses during an exposure

a) Milliamperage (mA)
d) Kilovoltage Peak (Kvp)

A

d) Kilovoltage Peak (Kvp)

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33
Q

It controls the SPEED of the electrons when traveling from the CATHODE
to the ANODE as well as the WAVELENGTH

a) Milliamperage (mA)
d) Kilovoltage Peak (Kvp)

A

d) Kilovoltage Peak (Kvp)

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34
Q

When the voltage is _________, the electrons travel faster and produce hard radiation and are able to penetrate most dense structures producing a high quality picture

a) Decreased
b) Increased

A

Increased

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35
Q

If you lower the mA this will result in a _____ image.

a) darker
b) lighter

A

Lighter

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36
Q

when a high speed electron dislodges an inner shell electron from the tungsten atom and causes

A

Ionization

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37
Q

X-ray beam that is produced at the target of the anode and exits
the tubehead

a) Primary radiation
b) Secondary radiation
c) Scatter radiation

A

a) Primary radiation

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38
Q

X-radiation that is created when primary beam interacts with matter ex: soft tissues of head, cranial bones and teeth

a) Primary radiation
b) Secondary radiation
c) Scatter radiation

A

b) Secondary radiation

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39
Q

T/F: Secondary radiation is less penetrating than primary radiation

A

True

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40
Q

A form of secondary radiation
A result of an x-ray photon deflected in all directions traveling to all parts of the client’s body and to all areas of the operatory

a) Primary radiation
b) Secondary radiation
c) Scatter radiation

A

c) scatter radiation

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41
Q

takes place in photoelectric effect ie: an x-ray photon collides with an inner shell electron giving up all its energy to eject the electron from its orbit

A

Ionization

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42
Q
A

Compton scatter

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43
Q

X-ray photon collides with outer shell electron and gives up part of its energy to eject the electron from its orbit

a) Compton scatter
b) Coherent scatter

A

Compton Scatter

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44
Q

X-ray photon looses energy traveling in a different direction at a lower energy level

a) Compton scatter
b) Coherent scatter

A

Compton scatter

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45
Q

Ejected electron is known as ________ electron possessing a negative charge

a) Compton scatter
b) Coherent scatter

A

Compton scatter

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46
Q

UNMODIFIED SCATTER

a) Compton scatter
b) Coherent scatter

A

b) Coherent scatter

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47
Q

Occurs when a low energy x-ray photon interacts with an outer shell electron

a) Compton scatter
b) Coherent scatter

A

b) Coherent scatter

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48
Q

X-ray photon is “unmodified” ie: it undergoes a change in direction without a change in energy

a) Compton scatter
b) Coherent scatter

A

b) Coherent scatter

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49
Q
A
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50
Q

Electrostatic force or attraction between the positive nucleus and the negative electrons

A

Binding force (electrical force)

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51
Q

Negative charge terminal

A

Cathode

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52
Q

Tungsten filament wire (coil) is attached to the _____ pole

A

Cathode

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53
Q

Also known as “Wolfram”

A

Tungsten

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54
Q

Positive charge terminal

A

Anode

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55
Q

Mostly made up of copper COPPER ROD

A

Anode

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56
Q
A

Stable bite block

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57
Q

A device that is used to stabilize an intraoral film which is made of
styrofoam is known as:

a) beam alignment device
b) collimating device
c) uni-grip
d) stabe bite block
e) snap-a-ray-holder

A

Stable bite block

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58
Q

Restricts the size and shape of x-ray
beam thus reducing patient exposure

A

Collimator

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59
Q

PID is recommended since less divergence of x-ray beam thus
most effective in reducing client exposure

A

Long, rectangular

60
Q

Takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window, oil bath and tube head seal of the x-ray unit

A

INHERENT FILTRATION

61
Q

T/F: Proper mA, kVp settings and exposure times limit the amount of x-radiation exposure received by a client

62
Q

The dental radiographer must stand at least ____feet away at ____ to ___ degree angle to the x-ray beam

A

6 feet
90-135 degree

63
Q

T/F: The dental radiographer must never hold a film in place for a client during x-ray exposure

64
Q

T/F: A double sided lead apron, thyroid collar and safety glasses are
protective shields necessary for clients during extra-oral radiography

65
Q

Dental films placed inside the mouth are termed:

a) intraoral films
b) extraoral films
c) cephalometric films
d) panoramic films
e) all of the above

A

Intraoral films

66
Q

randomly determined; having a random
probability distribution or pattern that may be analyzed statistically but may not be predicted precisely.

A

STOCHASTIC

67
Q

Occur as a direct function of dose

a) Stochastic effects
b) non-stochastic effects

A

Stochastic effects

68
Q

Does not posses a dose threshold

a) Stochastic effects
b) non-stochastic effects

A

Stochastic effects

69
Q

_______ effects that have a threshold

a) Stochastic effects
b) non-stochastic effects

A

non-stochastic effects

70
Q

Severity of effects is not dependent on the magnitude of the absorbed dose

a) Stochastic effects
b) non-stochastic effects

A

a) Stochastic effects

71
Q

Increase in severity as absorbed dose increases

a) Stochastic effects
b) non-stochastic effects

A

b) non-stochastic effects

72
Q

recognizes that different materials
that receive the same exposure may not absorb the same amount of energy

A

Radiation Absorbed Dose

73
Q

Refers to the quantity of radiation received, or the total amount of radiation energy absorbed

A

Radiation Absorbed Dose

74
Q

T/F: MORE DAMAGE OCCURS WHEN LARGE QUANTITIES OF RADIATION ARE ABSORBED BY A TISSUE

A

True - because cells are not given enough time to repair

75
Q

Allowing time to elapse between doses allows ______ cells to repair themselves

a) genetic
b) stomatic

A

b) stomatic

76
Q

Undergo cell mutation ie: cannot repair themselves

a) genetic
b) stomatic

77
Q

Unit for measuring absorbtion

78
Q

measures the energy produced by gamma radiation in a cubic centimeter of air

a) Gray / Rad
c) Rem / Sievert
e) Roentgen

79
Q

measures the amount of radiation energy transferred to some mass of material, typically humans.

a) Gray / Rad
c) Rem / Sievert
e) Roentgen

A

Gray / Rad

80
Q

is a unit that relates the dose
of any radiation to the biological effect of that dose. – different types of radiation have different effects on tissues.

a) Gray / Rad
c) Rem / Sievert
e) Roentgen

A

Rem / Sievert

81
Q

F-speed film OR D-speed film
reduces the absorbed dose by 60% ?

82
Q

When x-rays strike a client, ______ results

A

Ionization

83
Q

The time that elapses between
exposure and observable clinical signs

a) Latent period
b) Injury period
c) Recovery

A

a) latent period

84
Q

Cellular damage may result

a) Latent period
b) Injury period
c) Recovery

A

Injury period

85
Q

Most of the damage caused by low-level radiation is repaired within the cells of the body

a) Latent period
b) Injury period
c) Recovery

86
Q

X-rays were first discovered by

A

Dr. Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgen on November 8, 1895

87
Q

discovered that these rays could penetrate substances which were impervious to light and the first
dental radiographs were produced

a) Dr. Roentgen
b) Dr. Otto Walkoff
c) Dr. Edmund Kells

A

a) Dr. Roentgen

88
Q

A form of energy carried by waves or stream of particles

a) Radiation
b) x-radiation
c) x-ray

89
Q

A high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube

a) Radiation
b) x-radiation
c) x-ray

A

x-radiation

90
Q

A beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on photographic film

a) Radiation
b) x-radiation
c) x-ray

91
Q

Any person who positions, exposes, and processes dental x-ray film

A

Dental radiographer

92
Q

5 basic rules of paralleling technique

A
  1. Film placement
  2. Film position
  3. Vertical angulation
  4. Horizontal angulation
  5. Film exposure
93
Q

5 Basic rules of bitewing technique

A

1) Film positioned to cover the prescribed area of teeth
2) Film positioned parallel to the crowns of both upper & lower teeth
3) Film stabilized when the client occludes on the bitewing tab or holder
4) Central ray of the x-ray beam directed at +10 degrees
5) Central ray of the x-ray beam directed through contact areas
6) X-ray beam centered on the film to ensure that all areas of the film are exposed

94
Q

Sequence for Paralleling

A
  1. Max R canine through anteriors, down to Mand L canine & finish Mand R canine
  2. Q1 Pre-M, molar, Q3 Pre-M, molar
  3. Q2 Pre-M, molar, Q4 Pre-M, molar
95
Q

Sequence for FMS

A
  1. Expose all anterior PA’s
  2. Expose Pre-M, molar PA’s
  3. Expose Bitewing
96
Q

Size 0 film

A

Posterior primary

97
Q

Size 1 film

A

Mixed dentition- Horizontal
Anterior permanent dentiton - Vertical

98
Q

Size 2 film

A

Anterior & Posterior Permanent dentition - Vertical & horizontal

99
Q

Size 3 film

A

Posterior permanent dentition - Horizontally when 8’s are present

100
Q

Size 4 film

A

Occlusal films

101
Q

Distance from the object to the film

A

TARGET-OBJECT DISTANCE

102
Q

Distance from source of radiation to the film (receptor)

A

TARGET-RECEPTOR DISTANCE

103
Q

When and why do we use vertical bitweings

A

Used to examine the level of the alveolar bone; used on clients with periodontitis

104
Q

When and why do we use horizontal bitewings?

A

Identifies the crowns of maxillary and mandibular teeth, the interproximal areas, and the areas of crestal bone
on the same radiograph

105
Q

Shallow palate

A

cotton rolls can be used on each side of the bite-block
Increase vertical angulation by 5-15 degrees

106
Q

A small bump found on the corner of the plastic film packet which aids in the identification of the patient’s
right and left side

A

Identification dot

107
Q

Exposure interval for clients

A

1 impulse occurs every 1/60 of a second
Therefore, 60 impulses occur in 1 second

108
Q

Intraoral film contents

A
  1. Inner paper
  2. Dental film
  3. Inner paper wrap
  4. Lead foil backing
  5. Outer package
109
Q

Extraoral film contents

A
  1. Front screen
  2. Screen film
  3. Back screen
110
Q

The relationship between distance and intensity of radiation is called the

A

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

111
Q

Processing error; _____ film appears gray and lacks detail and contrast; results in improper safelighting & light leaks in the dark room.

A

Fogged film

112
Q

Lead-lined storage containers prevent film ___

113
Q

Silver halide crystals absorb x-radiation during x-ray exposure and store the energy, The stored energy within the silver halide crystals forms a pattern and creates an invisible image on the emulsion

A

Latent image

114
Q

Why is there sometimes 2 film packages?

A

Duplicating films and film speeds

115
Q

The larger the crystals, the ______ the film speed.

116
Q

FILM SPEED IS DETERMINED BY

A

a) size of silver halide crystals
b) thickness of the emulsion
c) radiosensitive dyes

117
Q

The fastest intraoral film available

118
Q

The slowest intraoral film

119
Q

Overall darkness or blackness of an image

120
Q

Higher kvp & higher mA =

A

Higher the denisty

121
Q

High density =

A

Darker film

122
Q

Lower density =

A

Lighter film

123
Q

Low kV =

A

High contrast

124
Q

High kV =

A

Low contrast

125
Q

High contrast =

A

Black & white

126
Q

Low contrast =

A

Many shades of gray

127
Q

Distance from source of radiation to the client’s skin

A

TARGET-SURFACE DISTANCE

128
Q

Distance from source of radiation to the tooth

A

TARGET-OBJECT DISTANCE

129
Q

Longer PID

a) Less Image Magnification
b) More Image Magnification

A

Less Image Magnification

130
Q

Shorter PID

A

More Image Magnification

131
Q

Increase mA =
increase in temperature =
_____________

a) More electrons
b) less electrons

A

more electrons

132
Q

____ controls the penetrating power of the x-ray beam by controlling the number of electrons produced in the x-ray tube and the number of x-rays produced

a) mA
b) kV

133
Q

_____ regulates the penetrating power of the x-ray beam by controlling the speed of the electrons traveling between the cathode and the anode

a) mA
b) kV

134
Q

kV =

A) Quantity
B) Quality

hint KLMN

135
Q

mA =

A) Quantity
B) Quality

hint KLMN

136
Q

Higher the mA =

a) lighter image
b) darker image

A

Darker of image

137
Q

Lower the mA =

a) lighter image
b) darker image

A

Lighter of image

138
Q

Higher the kV =

a) Darker the density, lower the contrast
b) Lighter the density, higher the contrast

A

Darker the density, lower the contrast

139
Q

Lower the kV =

a) Darker the density, lower the contrast
b) Lighter the density, higher the contrast

A

Lighter the density, higher the contrast

140
Q

Higher kV =

a) Short scale; high contrast
b) long scale; low contrast

A

Long scale contrast; low contrast

141
Q

Lower kV =

a) Short scale; high contrast
b) long scale; low contrast

A

Short scale; high contrast

142
Q

Substances made up of only 1 atom

145
Q

is the unit of measurement for the electrical current

a) Milliamperage (mA)
d) Kilovoltage Peak (Kvp)

A

Milliamperage

146
Q

: it controls the amount or quantity of the electric current entering the x-ray machine as well as the heat of the
filament wire

a) Milliamperage (mA)
d) Kilovoltage Peak (Kvp)

A

a) Milliamperage (mA)

SEM 1 (11 decks)

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